Экономические науки/6. Маркетинг и менеджмент

Candidate of economic sciences, Associated Professor Mamrayeva D.G.

Karaganda State University named after academician Y.A. Buketov,

Republic of Kazakhstan

Features of the state innovation policy in the leading countries in the world

Analysis of the features of the state innovation policy of the country is to identify patterns in the application of measures to stimulate innovative activity. In general, the features associated with the use of specific measures aimed at accelerating the development of innovative (different kinds of benefits, financial support measures to improve the interaction between science and business), as well as the distribution of the role of government and the private sector in these processes.

In the UK, the practice of public funding for research is implemented as a system of “double support”. Strategic funding is made through block grants. In parallel, the Department of Innovation, Universities and competencies financed by the Research Council, which, in turn, is funding research in the country on a project basis. Thus, the block grants provide stability and strategic resources that universities can spend according to their own priorities and development programs, while project funding from the Research Council provides a vigorous competition between different projects [1].

In Switzerland, the main directions of innovation policy have not changed significantly from 2000 to 2007. A number of changes referred primarily education, research and technology sector. The government has increased spending in these sectors by an average of 6% each year between 2004 and 2007. The commercialization of innovations in Switzerland is not supported by direct public investment. Transfer of innovative technologies in the industry is carried out within the existing forms of support for businesses, including start-ups, mainly in terms of technology parks, both at the federal and regional level.

In South Korea, initially modernization was built on borrowing foreign technologies, which took place in various forms: contracts “turnkey”, licensing, consulting services. The study of foreign experience took place mainly through the establishment of joint venture companies with Japanese partners. At the present time, despite of the fact that Korea is in many high-tech leading positions in world exports, the country is still largely dependent on imported equipment due to insufficient development of their own core technologies.

Among the characteristic features of the development of American innovation sphere should be made virtually independent of the federal government agencies appearance of the main institutions of the innovation sphere (industrial parks and venture capital funds). The second feature of the US innovation sector is exceptionally high activity of small innovative companies. This is in no small part due to the existence of special government programs to support such firms, as well as the development and availability of venture capital - the main source of funds.

In France, the share of public R&D expenditure in the total expenditure for these purposes is 49.9%. The rest of the funding is provided by the private sector, and 70% of expenditure on R&D accounted for industrial companies. French innovation policy aimed at stimulating private investment in science, improving the interaction between all the key players in the innovation process within the framework of competitiveness poles and to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.

In Japan, despite of the active government to develop strategies and innovative development programs, most of the scientific and technical development applied research is still carried out in the laboratories of large industrial corporations, and remains within the limits of these same corporations, no general transfer to potential users across the relevant industry. State research are mainly fundamental character, the degree of their implementation in practice is insufficient. In Japan venture capital and venture capital business are underdeveloped as a whole.

In Sweden, the majority of R&D expenses are the business sector. Government R&D support in the business sector, mainly limited to carrying out research in the field of defense (13% of total R&D public funding). At the same time, basic research funded primarily by the state, while the share of the business sector is very small. An important feature of Sweden is the high level of education and skills of employees in the public sector, efficient operation of public institutions, a stable political system.

In Canada, in the modern innovation management structure does not include a single body at the federal level, and to encourage research functions are distributed between the provincial governments and individual ministries, which often causes bureaucratic problems in the implementation of various programs. Currently in Canada, there are about 100 high schools with an enrollment of 1.5 million. 13 universities are leaders in research among the top 200 universities of the world. At the same time, there is less participation of the private sector, compared with the United States in the financing of universities.

Analysis of the experience of functioning of technological programs in a number of innovation-developed countries today shows not only the viability of this format of cooperation, but also demonstrated its effectiveness.

By the experience of Japan, the first stage of intensive development based on the transfer and commercialization of western development. Soon, the country started to invest heavily in the conduct of its own basic research. However, in the early 2000s, realizing that these studies do not bring the desired economic effect, are detached from the realities of the business in the country were initiated by application programs, co-financed at 50% of the business. Over the past three years, about 116 are implemented similar programs [2].

Thus, new advanced technologies and approaches make it clear that both the state and companies will need new skills, and the ability to adapt to an environment changing under the influence of such technologies.

Weak demand is a key factor hindering the promotion of innovation in the country. In world practice, the state takes an active part in the formation of an innovative economy. In this context, the public procurement process, focused on innovative products, services and works, should be an effective mechanism for the increased demand for high-tech domestic products.

References:

1. Information-Analytical Report by 2013 “About the development trends of innovations in the Republic of Kazakhstan and in the world” // URL: www.natd.gov.kz – official website of JSC “National Agency for Technological Development” (reference date: 03.06.2016).

2. URL: www.natd.gov.kz – official website of JSC “National Agency for Technological Development” (reference date: 06.08.2016).