UDC 655.11

HISTORY OF BOOK PUBLISHING IN KAZAKHSTAN

A.G Isengalieva - PhD, Associate Professor.

South Kazakhstan State University named after Auezov, Shymkent.

Annotation

The article discusses the history and current state of book publishing in the republic and the main directions of development of the book market. Also, book markets through leading foreign countries presented an analysis of growth and the rate of publishers and publishing organizations.

Keywords: history of books, book business, publisher, scientist, society activist, intellectuals, Kazakh publisher, writer, typography, printing, printed matter.

In the formation of book publishing in Kazakhstan in 1920-1930, a special role was played by the representatives of the national intelligentsia, who stood at its source.

Significant influence on the whole cultural, literary, educational and entertaining pedagogical process in the country in 20-30 years had A.Baytursynov both scientific and literary committee of the Scientific Commissariat of Education of the Kazakh SSR, as a member of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kazakh region, a member of the Central Executive Committee and the Kazakh Central Executive Committee as talented writer and scholar innovator in the field of linguistics, as one of the most highly educated representatives of the national intelligentsia. Also in the scientific and literary committee included well-known figures and writers A. Bokeyhanov, S. Saduakasov, Bolganbaev H., J. Aymauytov.

January 31, 1921 was held a meeting of the scientific and literary commission headed by A.Baitursynov, decide the necessary measures for the production and preparation of textbooks in the Kazakh language, as the need for them was great. Also approved the list of authors of manuscripts of textbooks in school subjects.

In 1922 Kirgosizdat great difficulty published textbook "to Tin Kerala" ("ABC") A.Baitursynov, which was then re-released several times in Orenburg, Kyzylorda and Tashkent.

An outstanding statesman and public figure, S. Seifullin one of the founders of the Kazakh Soviet literature also actively contributed to the establishment and versatile publishing republic. He conducted energetic, purposeful work to improve public education, print development, release, and other educational literature. It was very fruitful and his efforts to revitalize the Academic Center at the People's Commissariat, was preparing at the time of the original textbooks for Kirgosizdat. Academic Center was also engaged in the development of Kazakh terminology, spelling, alphabet, transfer of political and other literature.

One of the prominent leaders of the publishing business in the country was a prominent statesman and public figure N. Torekulov, who was the head of Central publishing in Moscow (in 1921-1929). Given the great shortage of textbooks in the schools of the republic. Center of the dates had effective assistance in this important matter. Only in the 1922/23 academic year, 14 names Kazakh textbooks have been published in Moscow, including "Grammar", "Physics", "Algebra", "Education", "School health". On the covers of several books appeared the names of Kazakh writers. It should be noted that there is still a little-studied problem of publishing the 20s is the work of N. Torekulova as one of the organizers of publishing affairs.

In February 1925 the capital of the Kazakh ASSR was transferred from Orenburg to Kyzylorda. There also has been translated and publishing. There was published the first bibliography of the books of the Kazakh Soviet period, published in 1917-1927, respectively. Pointers and wrote to him preface and commentary M. Dulatov working in KazGosizdate.

The development of the publishing of the republic before the war also made a significant contribution B. Mailin, M. Zhumabaev, Aymauytov J., J. Syzdykov and other writers, journalists, scholars, printers, employees of the book trade.

In December 1933 the publishing house was established Kazakh literature (KL). It operated until January 1941, when due to the union of all book publishers KL was included in the KazOGIZ, which was to produce and fiction until 1950. The first director was appointed KL prominent Kazakh writer and public figure, a major G.M Musrepov.

Dynamic publishing literature in the Kazakh SSR for 1920-1940 years was as follows: in 1920 came only 6 titles with a total circulation of 13 thousand copies, in the 1930s, 420 titles, 2,671,000 copies, and in 1940 762 titles, 5,775,000 copies.

On the ideological focus and content, on the theoretical and methodological principles and formal settings literature, was published in the country in 40-50s still differed little from Soviet printed products 30s. Dominated by the same politicized standard wording, dogmatic judgments, often very one-sided, biased reflection of facts, events, phenomena, praising the achievements of the totalitarian command-bureaucratic regime in development socialism and the transition to communism, at the level of people's welfare.

All this applies to the literature published in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in 40-50s. It turned out a lot of books on the theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism, the history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the world communist movement, on the activities of the Soviet authorities about the Komsomol, the struggle against bourgeois ideology, hostile machinations of imperialism, and so on.

After the Great Patriotic War, the primary task of the Soviet publishers was: reaching pre-war levels of printed products, better meet the needs of the population is constantly growing in the literature in different fields of knowledge, the promotion of the economy recovery.

Further development of science, technology, culture, education and art required a significant increase in output varied literature and improvement of book publishing system.

In its organization in the whole country, as well as significant changes have taken place in Kazakhstan. Guide publishing industry, including the printing industry, which became part of the Ministry of Culture of the Kazakh SSR, began to carry out two main control Glavizdat and Glavknigotorg.

On Glavizdat following tasks were assigned: the coordination of publishing, content control, decorating and polygraphic printed products, the introduction of printing in the production of new technology, capacity planning printing, etc.

In the years 1946-1949 were organized by the publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, the Kazakh state teacher training and publishing - Kazuchpedgiz, and in 1950 - Kazakh state publisher of fiction - Kaz Goslitizdat, which produces fiction, books for children and youth, art books in Kazakh, Russian and Chechen languages. In 1949 KazOGIZ got its original name - the Kazakh State Publishing House - Kazgosizdat. He began to produce socio-economic, socio-political, industrial, technical, agricultural literature and poster production. As part of this special edition of the publishing house for the production of works of classics of Marxism-Leninism were organized, philosophical, historical and political, mass political, technical and agricultural literature. Thus, in 1950, it operated four book publishers in the country: Kazgosizdat, Kazgoslitizdat, Kazuchpedgiz and publishing the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR.

Creating these publishing houses and special editions was an important step in the development of the republic book publishing business. This has allowed to focus on the issue of books for individual sectors of the economy, science and culture, contributed to the improvement of work with authors, subject matter expansion and deepening of the content of the let out literature.

Since the mid 50-s there is a steady increase in the publication of books. In 1958, the number of Kazakh SSR vypushennyh books held in the Union of the fifth - and in terms of circulation - the fourth. In comparison with 1945 the number of titles has increased in 7,9 times, and circulation - 5 times. Book production in the country was produced mainly in the Kazakh and Russian languages, fewer books - in the languages of peoples of the USSR and foreign countries.

Particular attention was paid to the strengthening and development of printing facilities. During the Fourth Five-Year Plan in Alma Ata was built and put into operation printing plant - one of the largest printing enterprises. Noticeable changes in the printing industry in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic took place in the 50s. Many printing companies have been reconstructed, which created conditions for increasing production capacity. Providing businesses with plenty of new, more efficient equipment made it possible to increase the proportion of mechanized processes in typesetting, printing and finishing departments, improve the organization of production and significantly increase productivity. From the experience of the country's leading enterprises borrowed and introduced new forms and methods of work.

In the 50s has evolved color printing in Kazakhstan. In Alma-Ata Polygraph was organized shop offset printing. Particular attention in recruiting new equipment was given to the colorful print shop. All this has significantly improved the print quality. It was in those years, to strengthen the culture of the Kazakh books and became perfected the art of book graphics.

Despite the commissioning of a number of new and improvement of existing printing companies, technical equipment of many of them did not correspond to the achieved by the time of the art. One of the serious shortcomings in the printing industry was the fragmentation of departmental printers.

In 1958 it operated 60 such printers in the country. But they were poorly equipped with appliances. Cost of production was low. All this adversely affected the implementation of the plan of release editions.

On the whole, the book publishing industry of the Kazakh SSR long been unprofitable. Poorly implemented economic calculation. The government annually allocates subsidies to publishers to half a million rubles, even though there were very limited opportunities to provide funding for the development of book production. Only in the second half of the 60s the government was able to increase the number of sums of money for these purposes.

Publishers the highest success Kazakhstan achieved in the 70 -the first half of the 80s. In comparison with the beginning of the 60's edition of the literature on the number of names, the general circulation, printed sheets of prints and the book trade turnover in the republic increased by more than twice. So for example, if the 1420 books and brochures were published in 1964, with a circulation of 18,377,000 copies, then in 1974 already 2061 book edition of 24184 thousand copies. Later literary output growth continued and in 1979 the book was published in 2171 with a circulation of 27,005,000 copies, and in 1984, books and brochures output reached 2323 titles, with a circulation of 33,578,000 copies. The power of the printing industry in the considered years has tripled. Much has been expanded and updated material and technical base of the press. It began printing equipment with modern equipment. In view of the growing cultural needs of the population, the national economy and science in the country improved the organizational structure of the book publishing system. "Zhalyn", "Oner" publishing house were established, Home Edition "of the Kazakh Soviet Encyclopedia" (KSE) and other industry organizations and services.

By types and genres, themes and content of the Kazakh literature became more diverse, wide-ranging, interesting and necessary readers. Significantly improved decoration and printing of printed materials. Increased scale of inter-republican and international exchange.

An analysis of books shows that in its assortment in these years, the main place was occupied by the socio-political, agricultural, artistic and natural-scientific literature.

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