Probiotics «Spas» and «Biosporin» as the method of prevention

at the sub-chronic T-2 mycotoxication of broiler chicken

A.I. Gindullin – postgraduate student

FGBI «Federal center of toxicological, radiological and biological safety»

(E-mail: vetvrach-vnivi@mail.ru).

Abstract: The main "meat locomotive" in agriculture for a long time has been serving the poultry industry. Low quality of feed, inappropriate to zoohygienic and sanitary standards content of birds, the presence of an infectious agent are constraints, which ultimately result in the partial fulfillment of bioresource potential. The main indicator of a poor quality of feed is the presence of mycotoxins. Exposure to mycotoxin contamination of feed solved with prevention, which use probiotics.

In this paper we studied the effect of probiotic "Biosporin" in broiler chickens in sub-chronic poisoning of T-2 toxin. It was found that the use of probiotic "Biosporin" in sub-chronic T-2 mycotoxication improved the general physiological state of broilers, improved biochemical parameters of blood and also increased live weight gain.

Keywords: probiotic, poultry, mycotoxins, broiler chicken, haematological and biochemical parameters.

Introduction: The main "meat locomotive" in agriculture for a long time has been serving the poultry industry. Advantageous characteristics of the poultry industry as a leading component among the other branches of agriculture are low-cost of financial expenses, high pay-back period, the short period of the reproductive cycle of the organism and the acceptability of the nutritional value of meat products. In the Russian Federation, the consumption level of poultry meat products is 43-45%, while the share of consumption of pork and beef are, respectively, 30-32% and 23-27%. These properties and criteria emphasize the poultry as one of the most outstanding and important components in the realization of the National Doctrine. The usage of up-to-date technologies for poultry breeding sometimes has a negative impact on physiological parameter performance and functioning of the organism of poultry. Some time ago the paramount goal was the achievement of maximum productivity with the usage of feed antibiotics, growth factors and hormones, without considering their influence on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which eventually led to stress loads on the organism and enteric diseases. Limiting factors in the full realization of the poultry genetic potential are low quality of feed, inappropriate to zoohygienic and sanitary standards content of birds, the presence of an infectious agent that are responsible for the changes in the functioning of the poultry organism. The main indicator of a poor quality of feed is the presence of mycotoxins. According to the data of Tremasov et al. mycotoxin contamination of feed is more than 30% [1]. Effects of mycotoxins on the organism of poultry possesses immunesuppressor impact, which is characterized by allergenicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. For the prevention of mycotoxicosis and recovery of modified microflora in veterinary medicine apply various absorbents, antioxidants, detoxicant and probiotics. [2] Application of probiotic preparations is environmentally safe and harmless method in the prevention of acute enteric infections (pathogenic and commensal microorganisms) [3], the goal of which is to sustain a sufficient level of colonization indigenous microflora of the intestine, as well as the correction of the intestinal microflora in disbacteriosis as a result of antibiotic therapy [4]. Research data of Tarakanova et al. [5] indicates that the quantity of poultry mortality from disbacteriosis equals 55%.

Aim of research: To study the effect of probiotics «Spas» and «Biosporin» at the sub-chronic poisoning of broiler chickens by T-2 toxin.

Materials and methods: In the laboratory of «Federal center of toxicological, radiological and biological safety» was carried out a complex of herd analysis of 20 daily broiler chickens weighing 650-680g. Their clinical status and feed sample for the presence of mycotoxins was estimated. Thirty twenty day-old cross «Smena 7» of broiler chickens was randomly allotted to one of three groups. Each group contained 10 birds (Table 1). Housing and feeding conditions of birds were according to zoohygienic and sanitary standards. For modeling the mycotoxin process during 20 days was given feed containing T-2 toxin in quantity of 4 MPC (maximum permissible concentration = 50 mg/kg of feed) for chickens first, second and third groups. For the second and third groups for the prevention of mycotoxicosis were supplied respectively probiotic «Spas» and «Biosporin» individually 1 ml containing at least 2×10⁹ CFU (colony-forming units) once a day before feeding contaminated fourage. In our experiment we were taken into account such parameters as average daily gain, the amount of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Also we investigated the total amount of protein, glucose, erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) by the methodology of Kudryavtseva et al. (1974). Among other issues, it was also considered a systemic condition, the degree of feathers and chicken behavior. Through studies of the digestive system we paid attention to the food stimulation and the state of excrement. Health monitoring of chicken broiler was carried out by studying morphological parameters of blood before the experiment, at 10-th and 20-th day of experiment. Blood was taken from the wing vein.

Results: Clinical signs of broiler chicken’s mycotoxicosis both control and experimental groups were characterized by inhibition of behavior status, sleepiness and loss of appetite, nevertheless groups of birds which were given probiotics had less symptoms than non-given group. In the first (control) group of chickens that was stimulated by mycotoxin the cyanosis of crest was observed, at the beak foci of necrosis were recognized, also appeared muscle tremors and diarrhea, therefore it was a decrease in the body weight gain (BWG). Excrement were washy with blood, feathers were with areas of alopecia. While evaluation of the poultry clinical status of second and third experimental groups no deviation from the general condition were detected and was no reducing in biochemical analysis of the blood. Chickens were more active with a better palatability of feed. BWG of broiler chickens during the experiment increased in preventative by probiotics «Spas» and «Biosporin» groups at 10-th and 20-th day of the experiment and was higher by 2.48% and 6.16%, and 1.33% and 3.42% respectively, than in the control group. At the same time, the average BWG of broiler chickens in the control group and experimental groups «Spas» and «Biosporin» was respectively 55.4, 61.7 g and 59.6 g (Table 1).

Table 1 – BWG of broiler chickens at 10-th and 20-th day of the experiment.

Group	Rate of BWG, g
	Background	10-th day	20-th day	Daily average amount of growth, g
1 (Т-2 toxin) control	678±3,67	1128±4,36	1786±5,17*	55,4
2 (Т-2 toxin+«Spas»)	662±5,91	1156±5,26	1896±4,05*	61,7*
3 (Т-2 toxin+«Biosporin»)	654±4,15	1143±6,07	1847±4,86*	59,6*

*The difference with the control group is statistically significant at P <0.05.

Hematological parameters of blood in 10 days of the experiment showed an increase in the number of erythrocytes in experimental broiler chickens groups «Spas» and «Biosporin» in comparison with the control group by 4.6% and 3.2%, respectively. By the end of the experiment (20 days) the number of erythrocytes in the experimental group «Spas» was 3,1 × 10¹²/l, in the experimental group «Biosporin» – 2,6 × 10¹²/l and exceeded the control value at 6.2% for probiotic «Spas» and 5.3% for probiotic «Biosporin», which indicates an improvement in the process of hematopoiesis. Thus, the transfer of oxygen to the muscle tissues and functional organs was intensively than in control group (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 – Number of erythrocytes in the control (left), in the experimental "Spas" (middle) and «Biosporin» (right) groups.

Furthermore, in 10 days hemoglobin level was higher in the experimental group «Spas» by 2.6% and in the group «Biosporin» by 1.7% relative to control group; in 20 days level of hemoglobin was higher by 4.1% («Spas») and 3.2% («Biosporin») than in the control group. The ESR in the control group was higher than in experimental groups by 1.6 mm/h and 2.8 mm/h («Spas») and 1.1 mm/h and 1.9 mm/h («Biosporin») at 10-th and 20-th day of the experiment.

Biochemical parameters of the blood at 10-th and 20-th day of the experiment have showed an increase of ALT in the blood of the control group which was fed by T-2 toxin by 6 and 18 u/l («Spas»); 8 and 17 u/l («Biosporin») compared with the experimental group. Decrease of enzyme level AST at 10-th day of the experiment was 39 and 30 u/l correspondingly probiotics («Spas») and («Biosporin») and at 20-th day this rate was 76 and 69 u/l. Increase of ALT and AST enzymes in the blood indicates that injury of liver and GIT has happened (Table 2).

Table 2 – Biochemical parameters of the enzymes ALT and AST in the blood of broiler chickens at 10-th and 20-th day of the experiment.

Group	Biochemical parameters of the blood
	ALT, u/l		AST, u/l
	10-th day	20-th day	10-th day	20-th day
1 (Т-2 toxin) control	17,86±0,72*	26,72±0,96*	137,32±3,71	163,78±4,07
2 (Т-2 toxin+«Spas»)	11,73±0,34*	8,03±0,28*	98,53±1,84	87,44±1,02
3 (Т-2 toxin+«Biosporin»)	13,14±0,37*	9,28±0,49*	106,67±1,97	94,28±1,55*

*The difference with the control group is statistically significant at P <0.05.

The data in the table 3 presents a decrease in the total protein in the control group in comparison with modeling group of mycotoxicosis. Reduce of the protein value is characterized by the fact that where was not enough absorption in and consequently, insufficient functioning of GIT bacteria.

In contrast, the preventative group by probiotics «Spas» and «Biosporin» in 10 days showed that the level of the total protein content in blood of broiler chickens was below the average rate. While in 20 days this level approached to normal. All of this suggests that long-term application of a probiotic preparation «Biosporin» improves the systematic condition of broiler chickens and normalizes activity of the GIT.

It was also noted that at 10-th and 20-th day of the experiment in the control group there was a significant increase of glucose in the blood of experimental chickens by comparison with the second and third experimental groups, accordingly, «Spas» and «Biosporin». It is explained that in case of sub-chronic T-2 mycotoxicosis of organism injuries the liver, where occurs intensive glycogenolysis and also complex decrease of glucose absorption in the GIT.

Table 3 – Biochemical parameters of the total protein content in the blood of broiler chickens at 10-th and 20-th day of the experiment.

Group	Biochemical parameters of the blood
	Glucose, mmol/l		Total protein, g/l
	10-th day	20-th day	10-th day	20-th day
1 (Т-2 toxin) control	5,7±0,98	3,07±0,96	20,8±0,33	17,2±0,26*
2 (Т-2 toxin+«Spas»)	6,5±0,47	7,23±0,69	22,1±0,28*	27,6±0,33
3 (Т-2 toxin+«Biosporin»)	6,2±0,56	7,31±0,62	26,9±0,28*	31,7±0,34

*The difference with the control group is statistically significant at P <0.05.

Conclusion: Thus, the application of probiotics «Spas» and «Biosporin» at the sub-chronic T-2 mycotoxicosis improved the general physiological status of broiler chickens, increased BWG and biochemical parameters and also stimulated hematopoiesis of broiler chickens in comparison with the modeling of mycotoxicosis group.

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