Сельское хозяйство/3. Земледелие, грунтоведение и агрохимия.

N.V. Kozlova

Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution

“Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops”, c. Sochi, Russia, e-mail: agro-pochva@vniisubtrop.ru.

Macronutrient composition in vine components and nutrients consumption during the cultivation of Actinidia deliciosa in Russian subtropics

The paper studies peculiarities of chemical composition in Actinidia deliciosa (Hayward cv.) and presents average removal of major nutrients during crop formation. Also, it determines the average economic and biological macronutrient removal in fruit-bearing plants. The annual economic removal of nutrients, which requires compensation by fertilizers, makes up on average (g/plant): N – 105, P₂O₅ – 35, K₂O – 160. The paper includes fertilizers norms appropriate for application, and recommended during the cultivation of Actinidia deliciosa (Hayward cv.) in Russian subtropics, based on the economic removal of the main nutrients and non-deficit balance. It is shown that since there are no significant varietal differences in the macronutrient composition, these norms can be applied to other cultivars (Bruno, Monty Abbott, Allison), taking into account the removal of a certain cultivar.

Key words: Actinidia deliciosa, chemical composition, macronutrients, economic removal of nutrients, varietal characteristics, fertilizer doses.

Actinidia deliciosa is one of the newest and most promising subtropical fruit crops for Russian subtropics, where climatic conditions suggest that it can be cultivated successfully not only in the amateur gardening, but also on an industrial scale. The first commercial plantation was established on the Adler experimental station (Sochi, Adler district) in 1988. There is a positive experience of cultivation in other farms, including farms and orchards, located in different areas on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar region and Abkhazia. The total area of plantations is not large - about 40 hectares [9]. Average long-term productivity of the most common cvs. is 20-40 kg/plant (100 - 160 kg/ha): for the early ripening cvs. (Abbott and Allison) - 20-25 kg/plant (94 and 105 kg/ha, respectively); for middle ripening cvs. (Bruno and Monti) - 30-40 kg/plant (152 and 163 kg/ha, respectively); for late ripening cvs. (Hayward group) - 22-27 kg/plant (111 kg/ha - for Hayward cv.) [2]. The study of Actinidia deliciosa chemical composition, together with its needs, absorption and yield of biogenic elements during fruit formation is of a great interest in terms of defining mineral fertilizer norms, considering the requirements of crops and soil-climatic conditions in Russian subtropics.

The most of field and laboratory studies was conducted for Actinidia deliciosa (Hayward cv., planted in 1996) in one of Sochi farms (LLC "Verlioka", v. ‘Yakornaya chshel’). The study was conducted on the basis of field experience with fertilizers, carried out in 2007. Experimental options included 7 different combinations of NPK doses in the ranges: N 0-250-375-500, P 0-125, and K 0-375-500-625 g of active substance/plant with a 3-fold repetition (5-7 plants). In the pilot area of Adler Experiment Station we studied varietal characteristics of the chemical composition in certain cvs. (Hayward, Allison Abbott, Monty, Bruno), along with the annual fertilizer application of N 180-220, P 180-220, and K 180-220 g of active substance/plant. Alluvial slightly loamy well-drained soils and potting soils on their basis with middle and high humus content, slightly acid or close to neutral reaction, as well as with average saturation by nitrogen, high and very high saturation by phosphorus and potassium provided favorable soil conditions to cultivate crops that meet their basic requirements.

Chemical analysis of the plants was carried out by wet ashing method (in sulfuric acid with the addition of hydrochloric acid) [4, 5], followed by determination of nitrogen and phosphorus - calorimetrically; potassium - flame photometrically. The experimental data was carried out by methods of descriptive statistics in the program Microsoft Excel.

While determining the amount of accumulation and removal of the main nutrition elements in Actinidia deliciosa (Hayward cv.), we used data on vines macronutrient composition selected during fruit ripening (Table 1) [5]. The accumulation of minerals in the plant achieved during this period corresponds to the concept of "plant requirements" and allows us to evaluate their removal arbitrarily, and therefore their need for fertilizers [1]. In order to characterize the composition of fruits and leaves, we used averaged data of the experiment with fertilizers. The data on the chemical composition in other plant parts (roots, monocyclic shoots, branches of various orders, and so on) were obtained for a model plant – which was normally developed and typical for plantation (by habit). The calculations took into account approximate weight of vine components and total biomass (established for the model plant), as well as the average yield (30 kg/plant), obtained in the experiment with fertilizers.

The studies have shown that potassium predominates in fruit composition; as for the leaves, both nitrogen and potassium were high there. Young growing plant parts (annual and perennial shoots, small and medium-sized roots) contain more NPK, than the old ones (skeletal branches, large roots). From the studied macronutrients, potassium is most expropriated by Actinidia deliciosa, because it removal by fruits represents the major part of economic removal, requiring compensation with fertilization (Table 1). This is common for all fruit and berry crops, so in their fertilizer system one should give great importance to potassium.

Table 1 - The average content of major macronutrients in different parts and total plant biomass of Actinidia deliciosa (Hayward cv.) during fruit ripening.

Plant parts		N	P2O5	K2O	N	P2O5	K2O
		% from dry mass			g/plant
Fruits*		1,16	0,35	2,81	53	16	127
Leaves		1,90	0,68	2,30	55	20	67
Trunk		0,68	0,32	0,42	135	64	83
Branches	Skeletal	0,68	0,32	0,42	45	21	28
	1-2-order	0,83	0,30	0,47	17	6	10
	3-4-order	1,59	0,36	0,60	49	12	19
	annual shoots	1,00	0,31	0,69	30	9	21
Roots	large	0,83	0,36	0,95	31	14	22
	medium	1,75	0,94	1,55	37	20	14
	small	1,28	1,08	2,28	15	13	15
Total number fixed in one plant, g/plant					467	195	406
The number fixed in plant biomass from the plantations (500 plants per 1 hectare), kg/ha					233,5	97,5	203,0
Biological removal ** g/plant The ratio of elements					175 2,6	67 1	243 3,6
Economical removal ** g/plant The ratio of elements					105 3,1	35 1	160 5,5
Removal by fruits, the share in economic removal, %					50,5	45,7	78,8

Note: - the calculation is based on the yield of 30 kg/plant;

** - annual, taking into account the share of the annual increment of biomass of individual plant parts

Based on the established volumes of economic removal of nutrients (by yield and incidental output), we determined the norms of mineral fertilizers sufficient for its compensation (Table 2) [6, 7]. The calculation was performed by the simplified deficit-free balance, considering the income to the soil, as well as utilization factor and potential loss of fertilizer nutrients, according to the method of regulatory balance [1]. The correction ratios were determined depending on the level of soil fertility, ranging from very high to low: N - 0,7-1,1; P - 0,7-1,8; K – 0,6-1,5 (respectively).

Table 2 - Basic norms of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation

of Actinidia deliciosa in Russian subtropics.

Average yield	Norms of fertilizers
	N	P2O5	K2O
For one plant
kg/plant	g a.s./plant
20	220	110	170
30	270	130	240
40	310	150	300
For plantation
c/ha	kg a.s./ha
90	110	55	90
135	135	65	120
180	155	75	150

The comparative study of the chemical composition in fruits (Hayward, Allison, Abbot, Monty, Bruno) conducted in the same soil, hydrothermal and agronomic conditions of cultivation (at the experimental station of Adler) showed no significant varietal differences in their content of major nutrients (Table 2) [8].

Table 3 - Chemical composition of Actinidia deliciosa fruits in different cultivars

Cultivar	Nutrients, % (average for 2011-2013)
	N	P2O5	K2O
Allison	1,21 + 0,15	0,61 + 0,07	2,73 + 0,28
Abbot	1,09 + 0,12	0,59 + 0,08	2,57 + 0,27
Monty	1,04 + 0,11	0,56 + 0,07	2,72 + 0,20
Bruno	1,11 + 0,13	0,58 + 0,08	2,87 + 0,32
Hayward	1,03 + 0,09	0,52 + 0,08	2,50 + 0,18

This suggests that the amounts of macronutrient removal in different cvs. are comparable (within the same yield), making up the bulk of the economic removal in this crop. The norms of mineral fertilizers (NPK), developed for Hayward cv., with certain assumptions, can be applied for other cultivars cultivated in subtropical regions of Russia, subject to certain doses of fertilizers and adjustments based on the yield of the cv. and soil fertility in particular plantation.

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