Педагогические науки / 2.Проблемы подготовки специалистов.
ст. викл. Балалаєва О.Ю.,
студ. ф-ту захисту рослин Супоницька Д.
Національний університет біоресурсів і
природокористування України, Київ
Latin uninominal names
It's generally known that the species is a basic taxonomic category of
biological systematization. Species combines exemplars with many similar features.
For example: tiger lilies are one species, white lilies are other. Alike species
in its turn are united in one genus. For example: all lilies belong to the genus
Lily (Lilium). Certain similar features between lilies, tulips, hyacinths and
some other species are allowed to unite them in one family – Liliaceous
(Liliaceae). From families there are orders, from orders are classes. Systematization
of animals is built on such principle.
So species of plants and animals are united in genera, genera – in
families, families are united in orders, orders – in classes, classes are united
in division (plants) and phylum (animals), division and phylum – in the kingdoms
(regnum). The regnum of plants and animals are the greatest units of biological
systematization officially acknowledged by International codes of botanical and
zoological nomenclature. So there are seven main
taxonomic ranks: regnum, phylum or divisio, classis, ordo, familia, genus,
species.
According to Art. 4.1 of the International
Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants
the secondary ranks of taxa are tribus (tribe), sectio (section), series,
variety and form.
The names of intermediate taxonomic categories are formed by prefixes sub- or
super-: subdivisio, subphylum, subclassis, subordo, subfamilia, superfamilia etc.
The Latin names of species are binominal (they consist of two words: generic name +
specific name), taxa above the rank of species are uninominal (they consist of one word).
In the botanical nomenclature uninominal names often are substantivized feminine
adjectives, as earlier they were conformed to the noun planta, ae f (plant), used in plural: plantae gymnospermae. Over time there were
only adjectives which got status of nouns and became substantivized in these taxa names: Gymnospermae.
The substantivized neuter adjectives are often used in zoological
systematization as earlier they were conformed to the noun animal, alis n (animal), used in plural: (animalia) Сhordata.
For standardization of uninominal names of plants and animals International
codes of botanical and zoological nomenclature recommend to use the unified endings
for denotation of taxa by a rank above
the species. A botanical nomenclature is more codified; there are unified endings
for most uninominal names. Only some ranks of mammals, insects and
birds, names of families and subfamilies of animals have unified endings in a
zoological nomenclature.
Also the names of animals and
plants regna and genera do not have the unified endings.
In botanical systematization such Latin names are used for denotation of
regnum: Plantae (feminine noun, I
declension, plural), Vegetabilia (substantivized neuter adjective, ІІІ declension, plural).
The regnum of animals is signified by the Latin neuter noun Animalia (ІІІ declension,
plural).
The generic names of plants and animals are nouns in nominative (singular):
Brassica is
the genus Cabbage, Lepus is the genus Hare etc.
There is a tendency to the use of principle of top-level typology at all
levels of taxonomic hierarchy. The name of typical genus is used as a stem, to
which final elements are added for formation of the names of higher taxa.
For example: Equisetum is a genus Horse-tail, Equsetaceae is
a Horse-tail family, Equisetales is an order, Equisetopsida is
a class and Equisetophyta is
the division.
International code of botanical nomenclature recommends to use for
denotation of the Latin names of divisions of plants final element -phyta: Equisetophyta.
Some divisions have synonymous Latin names: the Angiosperms
(Floral, Mangoliophytes) – Angiospermae (Anthophyta, Magnoliophyta); the Gymnosperms (Pine, Pinophytes) – Gymnospermae (Pinophyta).
The Latin names of classes of plants are substantivized neuter adjectives of ІІ declension (plural) ending in -opsida: Equisetopsida, Polypodiopsida.
Some classes have the synonymous Latin names: class Monocotyledones – Monocots (Liliopsida); class Dicotyledonous – Dicotyledones (Magnoliopsida).
The Latin names of orders of plants are substantivized feminine adjectives of ІІІ declension (plural) ending in -ales:
Pinales,
Rosales, Linales, Fabales etc.
The Latin names of families of plants are feminine substantivized adjectives (plural). The
names of families are built in such way: root of the name of typical species +
suffix -асе- + ending -ае:
Salix is the Pussy-willow family (root of salix, icis f is salic-)
salic- + -ace- + -ae > Salicaceae (Willow family).
Some families have Latin synonymous names:
Poaceae (from poa, ae f) or Gramineae (from gramineus, and, um) is Cereal family;
Cruciferae (from crux, icis f + -fer-) or Brassicaceae (from brassica, ae f) is Crusiferae family;
Fabaceae (from faba, ae f) or Leguminosae (from leguminosus, a, um) is Pea family etc.
Література:
1. Balalayeva O. Y. Latin language for the
students-agrobiologists : manual / S. P. Hrytsenko,
O. Y. Balalayeva. – K.: Tcentr uchbovoi literatury, 2008. – 240 p.
2. International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) (online)
// Regnum Vegetabile : – A.R.G.
Gantner Verlag KG, 2012. –
Т. 154. – Available at : http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php.