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Nikolai Katargin, phd, docent
Finance University under Government of Russian
Federation, Russia
Dynamic Processes, Entropy and
Information
in Natural both Social Systems
Politicians,
businessmen and military men start to use in practice the revolution occurring
in a science, on the scales and importance of results considerably surpassing
quantum revolution in the physics of the XX century. This revolution is due to using
of methods and approaches developed by mathematicians and physicists in social life
and economy that allows to replace simple mathematical models of economic
processes to more complicated ones, allowing to understand, for example,
behavior of such systems in crisis. There was a new term: econophysics. The basic approaches
to modeling of social and economic systems with use of econophysics:
• modelling of
social and economic objects as points (ends of vectors), moving in
multidimensional space on the path which can be smooth and predicted, and can
sharply change in a short time (catastrophic crash);
• consideration of
social and economic objects as self-ordered complicated systems with decreasing
entropy, i.e. aspiring to reduce internal chaos at the expense of increase of
the entropy of environments, for example, fuel burning;
• cognitive and
reflective models assuming mutual training and forecasting of object and the
surrounding environment, for example, interaction of the financier and a stock
exchange (the theorist and an expert of such models George Soros uses it successfully);
• synergetrics, or
nonlinear dynamics: mathematical methods, allowing to describe behavior of
social, economic and other objects by means of systems of the nonlinear
differential equations.
Essential
difference of econophysics from physics is the investigation of objects in information space. The
postindustrial society is characterized by that 80% working don't make material
assets by hands, but create and process information. Base part of cost of
production is made as results work of information processing: design, finances,
trade, advertising, communication facilities, mass information, entertainments. So, struggle between
states, and also criminality is moving from material space to information one.
It is considered that the states of the lowest category sell raw materials and
develop a heavy industry and harmful manufactures; the states of higher
category develop the high technology industry, and the states of highest
category (more exact: their elite) create symbols, images, financial and
economic models influencing other peoples and allowing to plunder them with
impunity. Example: Maintenance at high level of cost of US dollar, despite of
huge debts and injection of trillions dollars to the financial system of the
USA. It may be modeled as a flight of a steel list in a turbulent flow. So, USA
needs in economic and social turbulrnce.
Basic problem
of the description of social systems is an absence of the objective numerical parameters,
impossibility of an exact estimation of the amount of the information containing in live structure or created by people. Money serves for a long time
as a rough estimate of stability and order of a social system (from individual
products of work up to states), that is its material weight and information. A basis of monetary system is
gold and rare crystals, that are structured objects with very low entropy, formed by geological processes with dissipation
of a big amount of energy. Amounts of natural power disappeared during formation
of nuggets of gold have been used as a reference
for a definition of expenses of energy, resources and labor for creation
of ordered structures as in three-dimensional observable space (machineries,
buildings), as in information field:
science, education, art, social
order.
Speed
of accumulation and processing of information possible to consider as criterion
of the stability of a system at external influences and internal indignations,
so big, rich and powerful structure may
be destroyed due to untimely or inadequate ones reaction.
There
are physics laws of distribution of particles on energies at which the system
is steady, for example, Macswell distribution
for molecules of gas, Fermi distribution for electrons are known. The
deviation from these distributions, for example in laser is unstable and also can lead to fast loss of energy. Money
is a criterion of "power" of people and states and it is known that essential deviations from equilibrium
distributions leads to wars and social cataclysms.
Estimation
of "power" and stability of social structure (state, enterprise, militaries
and their components) possible by using of the big set of indicators
(coordinates of the end of a vector) in information-and-geometrical phase space
or to curtail its to four variables:
• physical substancies
(m), including weights (or
amounts) of people, animals, plants, foodstuff, weights of products of work (machineries,
buildings) and weights of energy and ore resources;
• amount of the
information which have been saved up in the system (I): scientific
knowledge, social order (political culture, ideology), formation, level of
technologies (especially arms). Possible to consider religion, traditions,
culture as ideology components. Capital K= m+I.
• expenses per unit
of time (year) on manufacture and moving of a physical substacies (dm/dt), and
for the speed and adequacy of the information processing (dI/dt). Turnaround
actives L = dm/dt + dI/dt.
Physicists
apply the definition “phase space” in which together axes of coordinates X, Y, Z and time t
as axes of coordinates equal in rights axes of speeds (more precisely pulses) m*dX/dt, m*dY/dy, m*dZ/dt act.
Fig.1. Multidimensional
space with axes of coordinates m, I, dm/dt, dI/dt.
All
specified indicators are expedient for estimating in unified units: money. Thus, the monetary unit is a unit of
measure in multidimensional space with axes of coordinates m, I, dm/dt, dI/dt. "Power" of a
system can be estimated under the formula similar to the formula of Kobb-Douglas
Y =
mα1 Iα2 (dm/dt)α3 (dI/dt)α4 ( 1 )
where α1, α2, α3, α4
characterize the importance of factors (elasticities) and if their sum is equal
to 1 then Y also has dimension of money.
If dm/dt =0 or dI/dt =0, i.e. the enterprise makes nothing and isn't improve, it
costs nothing or will soon depreciate.
Such
approach allows to represent the
information on social structures in the compressed kind and quickly to make
adequate decisions. For example, defeat of the USSR in cold war and its disappearing
can be interpreted as follows: the aspiration of the Communist Party to
supervise all information space in the state (manufacture and consumption
planning, ideology, art, science) has led to small speed of information streams
and bad decisions, that is there was a failure in the block (space) dI/dt, then to the structure
infringement dm/dt (manufacture,
distribution) and ideology disintegration. The state has collapsed, despite
high m, I and dm/dt.
Representations
about multidimensional information space, connected with structures in
observable space, correlated with traditional views about supernatural powers
and their role in a universe. Let’s try to formulate definitions of God, Devil, soul:
God is a set of the information (data and algorithms,
software), stored in natural objects and promoting arising of objects with the
high maintenance of energy and information.
Devil is a set of
the information (data and algorithms, software) stored in natural objects and
promoting destruction of objects with the high maintenance of energy and
information.
Soul is the information about the object, stored as
in itself as in other carriers, and influencing processes as in
three-dimensional as in information space.
According
to the Second Low of Thermodynamics, an entropy of closed system can increase only (a celebration of
the Devil), but as in nature as in a society there are objects arise also some
time contained high energy and/or high
order structures: tornadoes, typhoons, lightnings, gold nuggets, live organisms
and biocenoses, people and products of
its work, including information (display of God).
Biological
systems are steady, if ones aspire to the maximum biomass and a saturation the
information (a variety of kinds), i.e. to God; the neglect of people this principle conducts to instability of
artificial cultural plants and landscapes with monocultures. On
I.V.Prangishvili [ 1 ], at management of the organization it should be optimal an order and chaos parity, i.e. a
freedom of action for persons, in another case the enterprise will lose in
competitive struggle.
To
avoid a discussion with clerics, instead of notions of God and of the Devil I
suggest to introduce the concepts of G-object, G-process, D-object, D-process.
Let’s define processes promoting occurrence and existence of objects with the
high maintenance of energy and the information as G-processes, and D- processes
if on the contrary. Let’s define all
software stored in natural objects as G-object if it supports G-processes
in biosphere both social sphere, and D-object if on the contrary.
Laws of
as economy as social life operate with
the same inevitability, as well as physics laws in spite of the fact that they
are shown through activity of people. The people which does not follow the
general laws of the nature, disappear, as the animal dies if it ceases to hunt.
What are these laws, except usual laws of physics?
1. The Second Low
of thermodynamics according to which in a close system energy should dissipate,
substances to mix up, chaos to increase. We define these processes as
D-processes.
2. In open systems
through which takes place a substance and/or energy stream, there can arise and
exist local objects with the high maintenance of energy and/or with decrease of
the chaos estimated by entropy: tornadoes, typhoons, lightning, gold nuggets,
living organisms and ecological communities, people and products of its work,
including information. We define processes of their arising and existence as
G-processes.
The
drawing illustrates a parity of entropy and information in lifeless, biological and social systems, and its evaluation in
money (M).
Fig.2. A parity of entropy and
information in lifeless, biological and social
systems. Arrows show the directions of G-process and
arising of M.
In the right part
of the drawing the parity of entropy and
information in biological and social systems is shown:
Zone 1: the entropy is maximum at the absolute chaos,
the information equals to zero. An example: the broken and run up army. An
estimation of the value of such system by society is zero or negative. In a Zone
1 a decrease of entropy corresponds the increase of the information and a system
cost. The direction of G-process and increase in cost of system is from top to
down, the D-process direction is from below upwards.
Zone 2 corresponds
an information maximum in the system, but entropy is not equals to zero,
means, there is no a total order, there is a partial chaos, that is a freedom
in choosing. The Zone 2 corresponds to wild ecosystems which aspire to the
maximum biomass and a variety. In social systems Zone 2 corresponds a free market and dynamic efficiency realized
by free entrepreneurs ordered by laws
and morality. They aspire to growth of things and the information (including
the 9th symphony of Beethoven, Bill Gates Microsoft, etc.) through human
entrepreneurial creativity within the
limits of public and resource restrictions; also they disappear as businessmen
if operate by another way. The mentality of live beings for billions years was
generated so that to feel pleasure and happiness at aspiration to a Zone 2 that
stimulates instinctive maintenance of dynamic efficiency, that is continuous
search and creation of new material and information values, or G-process.
Zone 3: At the total order entropy equals zero, thus the information equals 1
bit, that is almost a zero. An example: army and prison which operate only for
supply of their own order; they demand resources, but create nothing. In a Zone
3 decrease of entropy there corresponds the decrease of the information both the
system cost. According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, for maintenance of
decrease of entropy, expenses of energy and/or other resources from environment
are required, that it is unprofitable doubly. The Zone 3 in biosphere is a zone
of agricultural monocultures which can't exist independently. The Zone 3 in
social life is a zone of monopolies, collusions, bureaucracy, corruption,
interventionism and a Soviet socialism. In micro-economics the Zone 3
corresponds a hierarchical control system that is recognized as unprofitable. A
direction of G-process and increase in cost of system is from below upwards, a
D-process direction from top to down.
Zone 4: the lifeless nature in which any information
is absent, but it is possible to use concept of entropy. Objects with low
entropy and the high free energy, arising
due to dissipation of huge amounts of Solar or Earth energy,
provide people with energy resources (a
wind, falling water, fire wood, coal, oil, gas) and separated substances: fresh
water, ores, gold. The social importance of these objects estimated in money
grows in process of entropy decrease. G-processes are directed from top to
down, D-processes are directed from below upwards. Cost of especially pure rare
metals with zero entropy is especially great, and they are standards of cost of
as lifeless as life objects, including the substantiated and information
products of people’s work.
The presented principles may be used for
evaluation of the power of as social as economic systems. We will recognize
that biological and social systems aspire to increase in the weight m, information I, and also growth rates of weight (dm/dt) and information processing (dI/dt), that is phase volume, estimated by formula ( 1 ). Increase
of Y for animals and plants is
limited by the resources accessible to them and extracted in struggle for a
survival (dm/dt). The sum of
resources, as a rule, is limited and defines biological efficiency of the area.
Accumulation and transfer of information
to posterity is realized by genes basically, so the speed dI/dt is small. People differ
animals. They can extract and
use various kinds of lifeless and
biological resources, that is increase their value, and also create new
material and information values. “Economic restrictions do not arise from
objective phenomena and material factors of an external world (for example, oil
stocks), but from subjective enterprise knowledge of people” [2, p.37].
Cooperation plays essential role: material assets and
information, coming to the subject of economic activities (actor), initiate
manufacture of new material and information values on the basis of
available instruments and knowledge. Actor, receiving
material and information resources, transfers products to another ones and increases
their cost. Therefore manufacture accrues exponentially and is similar to explosion or burning.
Explosion or burning begins in one point, at the expense of resource
destruction there is an energy escape which initiates energy escape in another points, and avalanche
process proceeds, while there are resources. Thus in explosion structures with
the high maintenance of energy, essentially influencing a course of process and
reducing it forecasting, may be formed. In social and economic systems, due to
interaction of actors, structures with the high maintenance of monetary and
information resources are formed: church, government, police, banks,
monopolies, criminal communities influencing economic activities of actors. The
economic both social process became complicate. These processes look like
concentration of energy in turbulent curls.
Referencies.
1.
I.V.Prangishvili. Entropy and other system laws (Entropiinie I drugie sistemnie
zakonomernosti). Ìoscow, Science, 2003.
2. J. Huerta de
Soto. The theory of dynamic efficiency. (Socialno-ekonomicheskaia teoria
dinamicheskoi effektivnosti). Socium, Moscow, 2011.