Philosophy/4.
Philosophy of culture
Afanasjeva
T. Ju.
Belgorod
State University
Postmodern epoch and culture: philosophical and conceptual senses.
The starting point in explaining the meaning of
this complicated concept will be the statement that postmodernism – is a
"world-view, expressing the main trends, installation and guidelines of
the company, has reached a certain level of development".
Postmodernism as a complex ideological view represents
the quintessence of the of time spirit, as it most adequately reflects the
state of spirituality in our days, associated with a sense of inadmissibility
in the new socio-cultural realities of lords earlier views o the world and the
man . The main distinctive feature of post-modernism is considered to be a
defining set on the impossibility to describe the world as of a certain whole
with the help of any general theories, claiming to be the true, the only true
knowledge o the reality.
Modern, Modernity (English modernity, from the
Latin modernus - modern) - it is an integral characteristic of the European
society and culture, today it is often used in philosophical and sociological
concepts to indicate the stage of formation and evolution of the industrial
society, coming to the place of the traditional . In the philosophical culture
in the 20th century, the identification of common today with the approval and
the triumph of scientific rationality of industrial society. The new time of
the beginning of the transformation of the ancient idea of the objective of
genesis: genesis has become subjective. IN the 20thcentury, this process has
deepened and now even the absolute God became depend on the a priori internal
installation of the man in search of absolute. And yet the New time has waived
the ancient traditions of search of support for human existence. The Place of
God took a human mind. Triumph rationalistic projects Renaissance and
Enlightenment - two great epochs, expressing confidence reason and recognize
his right to the law in all spheres of life.
Replaced by "the ontological
nihilism" (M. Heidegger) came denial of mind and the intelligence of the
human existence, which clearly manifested itself also in our country after the
collapse of the Soviet Union ended the "parade of sovereignties" and
senseless, violent inter-ethnic and sectarian wars and bloody strife. Rising
awareness of the horror of meaninglessness, illogical as, the dullness of life
became the fact of the present history of the country. It is in this sense we
"fit" in western civilization.
The new time of the beginning of the
transformation of the ancient idea of the objective of genesis: genesis has
become subjective. IN the 20TH century, this process has deepened and now even
the absolute God became depend on the a priori internal installation of the man
in search of absolute.
The 20th century was marked by a crusade
against reason, this meant a break with the ancient tradition. "Our
apprenticeship with the greeks finished: the greeks are not classics, - stated
in the beginning of the century Spanish philosopher-idealist Ortega-y-Gasset
(1883-1955), they simply archaic - archaic and, of course... are always beautiful.
They are especially interesting for us. They cease to be our teachers and
become our friends. In the 20th
century. People, as noted by E Giddens, trying to get away from the feeling of
fear that accompanied the disappointment in the possibilities of reason be the
backbone, which rules are created by human beings and they have also
arbitrarily changed. Our age recommends that people will not be very serious,
for no one knows how to live right, nobody has the right to dictate what life
should be. All justified by the fact, that nothing in this world there is no
forever. To live, but to know that in nothing there is no support, and no such
values, which have as standards of truth and the measures being.
"Everything is permissible",
"nothing is guaranteed" - the main pathos of the consciousness of
post-modernism. All of the "sacred" and "high" are
perceived as the result of the self-deception of the people, the hierarchy of
the body - soul - spirit" long ago destroyed, a spirituality and feelings
are perceived as signs of dementia and schizophrenia. More people doesn't
believe in anything, he has "nothing" ones can a person recommended
by not build illusions about gaining new values (for the former, as we have
noted, have already been destroyed), a is easy to take life as it is, without
trying to dictate what she should do.
The world of everyday life and everyday life
becomes the main value and the main topic of philosophical reflection. In this
world dominated by short-term interests of end-of empirical individuals, each
of which considers itself the legislator their ethical, aesthetic, political
and other ambitions. Goodness, Truth, and Beauty - the Absolute values pushed
to the periphery of public and private life and consciousness . The main characteristic of a
society and nature is declared uncertainty. Where there was a whole scientific
direction - synergetic, which comes from recognition as a principle of motion
of matter emergence of order out of disorder, chaos,
So, the modernist and post-modernist philosophy
in his understanding of life does not start, a completes the old line of
development of the culture in which "god is dead". Truly, a new
interpretation of genesis in philosophy will be possible in the event, if the
formation of the world view, fundamentally different from the modern one. But
it is a matter of the future. Therefore,
the philosophy of postmodernism refused from the classics, opening new ways and
the rules of intellectual activity, which was a kind of response to the
reflexive understanding of developments in the 20th century, global changes in
the world outlook. She clarified the basic concepts and the installation and
orientation, which have become fundamental to intellectual activity,
characteristic of the style of thinking of the era.
First, the rejection of the truth, and
consequently, the concepts such as "cause". Instead introduces the
term "trace", as the only thing that remains to us instead of the
previous claim to know the exact cause.
Secondly, the rejection of the category of the
"essence ", orienting the researcher to search the deep roots of the
phenomena leads to the emergence of the concept of "surface". In such
a situation, remain unclaimed, the terms "objective",
"plan": the preferred become a "game", "case".
Thirdly, the refusal of the categories of the
truth, the essence, the purpose of the plan is in fact the refusal of new
categorical-conceptual hierarchy, describing and research, and even the
literary text in modern style. This concept does not work in postmodern, which
made a bet on "anarchy".
Fourthly, in the discourse of modernity were of
great importance concept of "metaphysics" and "transcendental".
Postmodern opposes "metaphysics" "irony", a
"transcendent" - "immanent".
In-fifth, if the modern sought to "certainty",
the postmodern gravitated to the "uncertainty", making it the concept
of one of the central in its intellectual practice.
Sixth, to replace the terms "genre",
"border" of the text come "text" or “intertext”,
"which gives thinker freedom to create, neglecting the requirements of
tradition.
And, finally, postmodern focused not on
creativity, synthesis, creativity, a on "deconstruction" and
"destruction, "i.e., the restructuring and the destruction of the old
structure of intellectual practices and culture in general. The first thing it should be
noted that the Postmodern in no case is a project of the group of western
intellectuals, deliberately aimed at the creation or destruction of any
property, or of a certain social order. Postmodernism is the principal
íåïðîåêòèâåí (in contrast to the Modernity), and one of the most common today
illusions, that the Modern and Postmodern - the two opposing (or continuing to
each other) project. In fact
Postmodernism is only a situation
or condition in which was the project of
Modernity.
Postmodernism is not the same thing, that
postmodernism and this is not a debate o words: postmodernism is a very
definite style of late art Nouveau architecture, literature, cinema and other
arts. Therefore, speaking about "postmodernists", should first of all
have in mind the adherents of this style of art, philosophy, science, etc.
Moreover, this style is quite modern. In Russia, for example, it can be found
already in the culture of the Silver age, a possible before. Speaking o Postmodern,
should be understood not narrow stylistic period, but the historical situation
in which proved to be absolutely everyone, regardless of their tastes, ideas,
preferences, geographical location, etc. It is interesting to note that, unlike the West, where
the project of Modern been successfully completed, in the root of the changing
society in Modern Russia is incomplete. This is connected with his
inconsistency, and often it was introduced by the method of blind copying of
western samples, mechanically something grew, is something there, and with the
internal dramatic and even tragic destinies of Modernism in Russian history. As
it was noted above, the project several times broken, changed direction, some
quite worthy of his undertakings do not have the development and completion.
The peculiarity of the situation of Postmodernism in Russia lies in the fact
that along with the elements of the completed art Nouveau, brought from the
outside
Thus, the geographic appears as a
characteristic of the life of the people through a set of procedures and
institutions identified with modernity. According to the modernists, geographic
"deep and essentially sociological". They do not agree with the
initial installation of the
doctrine of the information society ("knowledge is power"); greater
knowledge about the world does not guarantee more power over it.
Literature