Student Inna A. Tumanova, Dr. Vera S. Rakovskaya
Language advisor: Lubov G. Averkieva, senior lecturer
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University
Features of International Migration
The research was completed under financial
support of Russian State Humanitarian Fund within the research project
(Influence of External Migration on the Sociolabor Relation System), project
No. 11-32-00305a2.
The
ongoing processes of a global labor market leads to increased international
mobility of skilled labor. [1] Internationalization of vocational education
provides long-term support of a global trend of the labor market increased in
the last two decades. One manifestation of internationalization was the
accession of Russia to the Bologna process.
Preservation of a significant
proportion of public funding of vocational education creates significant
incentives for intellectual migration in an open national economy. [2] There is
a situation when a major investor in the human capital of a future employee is
the state, and profit from the use of this capital is the subjects of a foreign
economy. Thus, the adequacy of the distribution of the costs and results of
investment in vocational education is broken in the national economy.
Despite
a five-fold reduction in migration to foreign countries for the last 10 years
(Table 1), it has made a significant contribution to the erosion from the
country of the most active and educated people.
Table 1 – International migration (thousand people) [3]
|
|
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
|
Arrived
in Russia |
359,3 |
193,5 |
184,6 |
129,1 |
119,1 |
177,2 |
186,3 |
286,9 |
281,6 |
279,9 |
191,6 |
|
Retired
from Russia |
145,7 |
121,2 |
106,7 |
94 |
79,7 |
69,7 |
54 |
47 |
39508 |
32,4 |
33,5 |
|
In foreign countries |
65,2 |
60,9 |
55,5 |
48,8 |
43,5 |
34,3 |
19,4 |
16,2 |
14 |
12,1 |
12,3 |
Intellectual
migration has negative economic consequences. These consequences include the
assessment of direct and indirect costs of the country to train migrant
workers, lost because of emigration (not created the expected value added tax)
to the economy of the donor and the value added generated intellectual
immigrants in the recipient country. In turn, assessment of not produced
expected value is often based on assumptions about the availability of the same
technical and institutional capacity in the donor country and the recipient
country to produce a similar intellectual product and the same value in these
countries. Countries use foreign labor as a
factor of development of its productive forces. At the same time, migrants are often
too highly qualified for the position they work, more than natives. There is the question, "What are
the jobs, from your point of view, appropriate to involve migrants in the first
place?" 59% of respondents said that it should be laborers, 47% -
janitors, cleaners, and only 3% wanted to see migrants as workers of high qualification [4]. There are reasons that employers may
not recognize overseas qualifications and may not be able to establish whether
it is the local equivalent qualification. Therefore,
immigrants often work in labor-intensive industries and the types of plants
that are not in demand by the local population helping to overcome
"bottlenecks" and ensuring the normal process of socialization of
production. This is supported by the Public Opinion Foundation: to the question
"Why do you think the migrant labor is used in your town?" 22% of
respondents said that migrants were hired because no one else does agrees to
this kind of work, 23% reported that working conditions were not suitable for the local
residents, but migrants agree to work under them. [4]. In
some industries, the proportion of immigrants is greater. Sometimes, long-term
use of foreign workers dependence on their labor is so great that there are no
normal functions of certain sectors of the national economy - construction,
coal mining, and services without new immigrants. However, the role of migrants is large
and in the "upper" segment of the labor market, where there are
qualified professionals: managers, scientists, workers in high-tech industries,
IT-specialists. The demand for such work is due to not rejecting of local
workers but absolute lack of qualified personnel providing economic growth in
developed countries. Globalization
trends have a significant impact on employment in these sectors.
Thus,
migrants are concentrated in world labor markets primarily in grassroots
sectors and areas of elite employment, leaving the "middle" of local
workers.
The
development of labor migration constitutes dual labor market. There is a sale
of the national labor force on one, and foreign on the other. The population of
the country performs skilled work in the industry and services sectors. Most
immigrants are employed in the most labor-intensive and harmful types of work
and have a longer working week and wages are lower than of local workers.
Development of immigration help recipient countries save heavily in
training. For example, the result
of "kidnapping drain" saved at least $ 15 billion between 1965 and
1990 only in
the field of education and research activities. [5].
Russia is said the loss mainly related to migration, which is
increasingly prevalent over the benefits. Today
in Russia there are about ten million illegal immigrants who bring economic
losses of more than eight billion dollars a year as a result of non-payment of
taxes, which is about 28% of GDP. Also
another problem is that migrants from CIS countries are trafficked annually
from Russia more than ten billion dollars, without going through a system of
state control. A recorded
remittances of migrants exceeded three billion dollars in 2005.
Benefits, which Russia gains from migration only appear in the reports
of experts, emphasizing, for example, that migrants make at least 8-10% of GDP
in Russia. [6] Thus, the benefits
of migrants are almost three times lower than the losses which indicates the
negative effect of the current migration situation in Russia.
Influence
of migrants on the countries in which they settle is in the spotlight but the
reverse side of the problem remains in the shadows, namely what is the impact
of emigration on the donor countries and their economies is. Migration has
significant advantages and significant disadvantages for the developing world:
The advantage is remittances and foreign contacts and experience. Minus is the fact
that the best workers leave.
If we
analyze the negative aspects, we can say that the loss of highly skilled and
professional workers (brain drain) is regarded as a threat to social and
economic development. But we can talk about the benefits, when people return
home with new skills.
On the
positive side, remittances can be an important source of foreign income for
many developing countries. Since the World Bank estimated remittances to
developing countries no less than 240 billion dollars in 2007. [7]
Summing
up, it is worth noting that the intellectual sphere, develops world-wide due to
migration, migration flows to those countries where intellectual work and its
results are more in demand than in the donor countries, and where the best
technical and institutional conditions for self-realization of his
representatives are created. Thus, if the competitiveness of the Russian market
of intellectual work does not change in a positive way, returns will be
adequately distributed to foreign economies. In this case, the Russian
intellectual production will continue to be a supplier of personnel for the
economy of the more developed countries, where there are social and economic
conditions for a more efficient use of their intellectual potential.
References.
1. International
integration in higher education / / World Economy and International Relations.
- 2004. - № 6.
2.
Oreshkin B. Russia and the international labor migration / / World Economy and
International Relations. - 2004. - № 3.
3.
Federal State Statistics Service. [Electronic resource] / International
migration - Access mode: http://www.gks.ru/
4. Poll
MegaFOM. [Electronic resource] / Project POF SOC. August 2011 - Mode of access:
http://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10484
5.
Semenov K.A.SZO International Economic Relations: Lectures. - Moscow:
Gardariki, 2000. - 336.
6.
Interview of the Chairman of the Commission on Tolerance and Freedom of
Conscience of the Public Chamber, Director of the Institute of Ethnology and
Anthropology, Valery Tishkov [electronic resource] - Access mode:
http://www.oprf.ru/rus/members/appearances/article-512.html
7.
International migration: the human face of globalisation. - OECD. - 2009.