Economic sciences / 2. Foreign-economic activity
Kamshibayev Yermek
East Kazakhstan state university
named after S.Amanzholov, Ust-Kamenogorsk city, Republic of Kazakhstan
The analysis of functioning of industrial parks
in developing countries.
The basic varieties of special (free)
economic zones in the developed countries are various forms of scientific -
technological zones (industrial parks, technology towns, the innovative centers
etc.). Now, Kazakhstan attempts to develop industrial - innovative economy in
the country after overcoming the crisis phenomena of transition to market
economy. These attempts are rather actual. Practice shows, that the country
which does not think of scientific - innovative development of manufacture, in
spite of even on huge natural resources, in a result will be no better off than
before and will be not competitive in the world market (In due time Nigeria and
Indonesia laid a large-scale oil
recovery, without thinking about diversification of manufactures; after an
exhaustion of its stocks in these countries there was an economic crisis caused
by sharp slowing down of gross domestic product). Therefore, the accepted
Strategy of industrial - innovative development of Republic of Kazakhstan for
2003-2015 years is the important step in development of economy of Kazakhstan,
which the main purposes are the achievement of steady development of the
country by diversification of sectoral economy and by that a deviation from a
raw orientation of economy, preparation of transition in the long-term plan to
service - technological economy.
What do we have to the present time?
Growth of gross domestic product of Kazakhstan occurs basically due to raw
sector of economy. The share of the industry in structure of gross domestic product
is 33,4 %, and a share of services of scientific and scientific - innovative
activity is only 0,7 %. The enterprises which would be engaged in creation and
promotion of innovative products in the market are only a few. One of the
indicators describing the attitude of the state to scientific and technical
progress is the volume of financing of a science. So, in 2000 year, expenses on
scientific researches and development in USA is 246,2 billion dollars. (2,9 %
from gross domestic product), in Japan is 94, 2 (3,0 % from gross domestic
product), in France is 28,0 billion dollars. (2,25 % from gross domestic
product), in Kazakhstan is only 0,26 % from gross domestic product. It is
necessary to note, that for successful development of an innovative policy
economic experts recommend to reduce the level of investments in a science up
to 2,5 % from gross domestic product. On this background, Kazakhstan needed the
new innovative policy already.
In world practice, one of the most
effective tools of an innovative policy is industrial parks. In market economy
industrial parks are rather new phenomenon. The first industrial parks have
appeared in 50th years of the last century and became locomotives of
innovative development and creation of the science intensive manufactures. For
example, it is the well-known «Silicon valley» in California, where the total
volume of production made by innovative firms in considered technological
region, exceeds gross domestic product of some European states.
Industrial park is the organization
being the legal person or executing the authority under power of attorney of
the legal person, having close connections with one or several universities
and/or centres of science, the industrial enterprises, regional and local
authorities and managements and carrying out formation of the modern innovative
environment in territory taking place under its jurisdiction with the purpose
of support of innovative business by creation of material and technical, social
and cultural, service, financial and other basis for effective formation,
development, support and preparation for independent activity of the small and
average innovative enterprises, commercial development of scientific knowledge,
inventions, a know-how both the science intensive technologies and their
transfer on the market of scientific and technical production for satisfaction
of requirement for this production of region and the country. In other words,
this structure should help to commercialize the scientific innovations and
introduce them to manufacture in the minimal terms, which will promote the
creation of manufacture with high additional cost.
In Kazakhstan within the framework of Strategy of
industrial - innovative development, it is planning the creation of a network
of regional and national industrial parks. The scientific potential of
Kazakhstan and present financial opportunities of the state allow hoping for
successful realization of the given projects. In Kazakhstan, number of attempts
of creation industrial parks were made, however, a few the organized structures
can be classified so. The industrial park "Altai"
at the East Kazakhstan technical university named after D.Serikbayev in
Ust-Kamenogorsk city functions in the form of the multisectoral innovative
structures, covering a number of priority directions of applied, research
scientific and development works in the most important branches of economy, and
also in the solving of environmental problems. As a whole, in industrial park
"Altai" 63 investment projects for the sum 10 billion tenge, were
prepared, 58 of them have innovational character and are focused on creation
competitive and export focused technologies and services, cooperation with
Chinese and Russian industrial parks develops. So, industrial park of Urumuqi city creates favorable conditions for work of
our employees and promotions of innovative development in this region. The
question of creation of joint ventures on development of new technologies is
considered with industrial parks of Tomsk and Novosibirsk. Successful
development of industrial park is caused by efficient control and competent
personnel policy. It is necessary to give to industrial parks "Altai"
the appropriate legal status with the appropriate tax privileges on an example
of others specialized industrial parks and support industrial park as the Early
Field Trial at a level of the government for the full value functioning of
industrial park "Altai". It will be an example for other spheres of
development of innovative activity in the country.
In 2004 in Kazakhstan, near Almaty,
the Park of information technologies was created on the basis of information
technologies, laser and electron ray-path methods of materials processing,
industrial park of Karaganda city will specialize on innovations of mineral raw
material processing, industrial park of Ural city will be engaged in
introduction of the Russian technologies at repair and restoration of aviation
engineering. The memorandum of creation on border with the Saratov oblast of
the international centre of frontier cooperation is signed in Uralsk city.
Kazakh-Russian territories will enter the special economic zone, adjoining to
two regional centres - Taskale and Ozinki. The
industrial-logistical centre «Western gates of Kazakhstan» will be located here.
It is counted up, that presence of a railway communication and automobile
lines, a geographical position make economically expedient the construction of
the overland port, capable to pass the big stream of cargoes. It will demand
the development of the appropriate infrastructure, a network of hotels and
feeding center, the construction of special terminals, creation of joint
dispatching service. The project gives an opportunity of attainment of a new
level of integration and is equally profitable both for Kazakhstan, and to the
Russian party. At the first stages financing of industrial park will be carried
out completely from state and local budgets, further their partial self-support
is expected.
For development of new technologies,
state needs, first, to create the favorable environment for development of
innovative business and adaptation of new products and technologies (to improve
the tax laws, to promote the creation venture funds), second, to adjust
transfer of technologies from sector of a science into the sector of the
industry, thirdly, to promote partnership between state and private sectors of
economy. As a whole, the innovative model of development of economy, the
concept of industrial park will allow to modernize manufacture, to make it competitive
in short term and to create all conditions for improvement of an investment
climate, so, to achieve steady growth of economy of Kazakhstan in the future.
Фамилия: Камшибаев
Имя: Ермек
Отчество: Есимбекович
Место работы: ВКГУ им. С. Аманжолова, кафедра «Финансы и
учет»
Раб. адрес: Республика
Казахстан, ВКО, г. Усть-Каменогорск,
ул. 30-й Гв. Дивизии, 34
Ученая степень: Магистр экономики
Телефон дом. 8 (7232-код г.
Усть-Каменогорск) 47-69-58, моб. 8 777 3939 782
Е-mail: ermekkamshibaev@yandex.ru и/или
Ermek1982@mail.ru
Домашний адрес: Республика
Казахстан, ВКО, г. Усть-Каменогорск,
ул. Виноградова, д. 29, кв. 116.