Urazayeva F.P. - candidate of historical sciences

al-Farabi Kazakh National University

THE BASICS OF PARTY -POLITICAL SYSTEM

TRANSFORMATION AND DEMOCRACY MODEL IN JAPAN

The CIS countries passed the way of modernization and transformation from a totalitarian to a democratic society in its development. And it is very important the experience of developed democratic countries in terms of outcome assessment. The Western way cannot be an example for the CIS countries because of the differences in economic and political structures.

However, some countries of the East such as Japan, Singapore, South Korea showed a good results in their development, even they passed the way of modernization and transformation of political systems later than the West, they were able to catch up with the West, outlining the goal, but achieving it in another way more shorter and better relevant with national specifics. But some countries are just beginning to move in this direction. Consequently, there are different (successful, unsuccessful or problematic) towards modernization of social and economic systems that lead or do not lead to successful completion of the modernization process. The countries of the East, who have managed to find their way, not the Western equivalent, not equals Westernization, preserved their cultural and civilization specificities and identity, enriching the experience of world development. Those countries were able to catch up with the West and even in some cases to adjust the path of world development.

The experience of that countries of the East is extremely important for the Kazakhstan, which understood the need in rational solutions to social and political problems, which was reflected in democratic reforms and economic policy of the President NA Nazarbayev during last years. Nevertheless Kazakhstan is steel looking for its own model of development focused on modernization, efficiently and rationally using the example of the other countries.

Experience of the Eastern countries can help to avoid mistakes on the way to modernization. Some of them through amending the constitution, made "constitutional coup" in fact. The most successful of them not only have very high economic standards of living now, but also carried out the construction of advanced democracy, so provided both material and spiritual improvement of life of its population.

Central Asian countries are still on the way of modernization and transformation of its political systems, where sometimes the model of democracy turns into civil confrontation. In this regard, study the experience of the evolution and development of the party systems of Japan, where political parties play an important role in the political system of the country is very relevant.

Современная Япония представляет собой образец государства, которая успешно смогла провести модернизацию страны и в экономике, и в политике, и в социальной сфере, благодаря которой смогла превратиться в одну из ведущих высокоиндустриальных и промышленно развитых государств мира.

В этом контексте вопросы создания и эволюции политических партий послевоенной Японии, определения их роли и места в системе власти в свете политической модернизации современной Японии.

Modern Japan is an example of the state, which had successfully modernized the country, the economical and political system, the social sphere, and became the one of the highly industrialized and leading countries in the world.

The creation and evolution of the political parties of post-war Japan, the definition of their role and place in the system of power in the light of the political modernization of modern Japan is very important, in this context.

Evolution of party system in Japan was not accompanied by social cataclysms, as took place in the framework of political system, based on democratic principles, formed in the post-war period. The Japanese political system is a dynamic system in which the necessary degree of stability by providing self-preservation at the same time is not an insurmountable barrier to the changes. In other words, its stability is the result of constant renewal; it rests on a set of unstable equilibrium between the backbone and the system changing process, between the elements of the system. In general, one can say that stability in a dynamic system - is primarily the optimal ratio of continuity and modification, due to internal and external stimulus [1, p. 169].

Japan carefully treat the political system basics formed in the post-war years. Efforts to improve it, to adapt to the changing domestic and international situation are going during wide public discussion, not in the form of rejection of these principles of some influential political forces.

The recognition of the equality of all people before the law, the declaration of civil rights in Constitution stimulated the political activity of the population. Under these favorable conditions, the party of the broad ideological spectrum had the opportunity to play the role of virtual intermediaries between civil society and the state, became the main subject of a parliamentary democracy.

During the creation of the legal framework needed for the conversion of the parties to the main subject of a parliamentary democracy did not seek to impose them the form of organization, objectives, content and specific methods of operation. The attention was focused on establishing equal opportunities for all parties in political game rules; their participation in the elections of representative authority, in parliament and local government, as well as on the prevention of the use of the ruling position of a party to create advantages, leading to the monopolization of power. Being an element of civil society and at the same time the political system of the state and acting as a bridge between them, the Japanese party protect and defend the overall political interest of certain social groups, competing with each other in the legal framework, operating through democratic means, peacefully, without violence [ 2, p. 171].

As we know the parallel processes of socio-economic and political development was the best option for Japan. At the beginning this synchronization was provided by the US administration. Then the democratic paradigm was strictly observed by Japanese elite according to the specifics of the society. In particular, the possibility of mobilizing the nation to a certain extent was provided by traditional outlook of the Japanese, those traits that are typical for the peoples of the Confucian habitat - desire for organization, discipline, a habit to obey superiors, unquestioningly accept actions of the governmental authority.

This tradition helped country to the successful development of the catch-up model of "Japanese conditions". During the process of modernization was preserved the unique features of Japanese civilization, many of which are used as a competitive advantage (for example in organization of production, in labor relations). That is why Japan, becoming a modern state, one of the leaders of the most developed countries of the world, is significantly different from the West in many ways. This applies to the level of democracy, the specificity of the organization of the economy, features of labor relations and socio-cultural sphere [3, p. 65].

There is some predominance of the executive power over the legislative power in Japan's political system. And also the practice of making decisions in backroom negotiations in parliament and party offices. It is also noted the long-term operation of the system of the dominant parties, the close cooperation between politicians, bureaucrats and representatives of business community and the lack of attention to human rights in the Western interpretation of this concept [4, p. 66].

Analyzing the experience of Japan's political modernization in recent times, some researchers identify three major attempts of this kind: political modernization of the Meiji era; the post-war political modernization, which covers the period from 1945 until the second half of the 1980s; Heisei era of political modernization, continuing up to the present time [5].

The main feature of the political reforms of the postwar period was the fact that the implementation was carried out under the occupation, and therefore the foreign policy was most important in its motivation. Eliminate the military threat from Japan and develop a solid foundation for such a policy in the country was important for the United States. All reforms were focused on demilitarization and democratization of Japan. As a result of the political reforms of this period it can be said that they have identified the development of the political system for all post-war period and were of decisive importance for the further development of the Japanese political system.

The transformation of the party-political system of Japan can be divided into three stages: the first stage - the formation of the party system of postwar Japan (1945-1955); the second stage - the rule of Liberal Democrats and stable development of the party system of Japan (1955-1993); the third stage - the loss of stability in LDP and reform of the party systems of Japan (1993 - present).

The first stage was the process of revival of the old and the creation of new political parties, uncontrolled by the state. At the same time began returning prewar politics at the political arena, with different political views. Several political parties have been created: the Liberal Party, the Progressive Party, the Socialistic Party of Japan, the People's Co-operative Party or Party of cooperation. At the end of 1945 was held a legitimate Congress of the Communist Party of Japan and K. Tokuda became a head of party [6].

The second stage is characterized by the rule of the Liberal Democrats and stable development of the party systems of Japan (1955-1993).

In 1955, two leading right-wing parties - Liberal and Democratic - joined together and formed the Liberal Democratic Party, which dominated on the political "Olympus" in Japan for over 38 years alone, and then with the help of junior coalition partners and stood in power and formed cabinet. The political system of that period has been called "System of 1955" and was characterized by a stable balance of power between the ruling LDP and the opposition, which was represented mainly by the Socialist Party of Japan.

The third stage - the loss of stability in the leading party - LDP and the reformation of the party system from 1993. At parliamentary elections in 1993 the Liberal Democratic Party has undergone several splits. And disappeared the Social-liberal grouping - formed the "New Party", a group of liberal-centrists - created the "Initiative party", and the right faction- formed the "Renaissance Party".

The newly-formed parties and voters have criticized the LDP for the growth of political corruption, for the LDP's inability to reform itself and to nominate capable leaders, for the lack of a process of generational change, etc. As a result, in 1993 the LDP for the first time in the history of its existence lost the election, giving power to a coalition of opposition parties. Even though, less than a year the LDP has regained the reins of power, but it has not been able to maintain monopoly power and subsequently was forced to enter into a coalition with opposition parties. This signified the end of " The System of 1955", when power was irremovably in the hands of the Liberal Democratic Party and the beginning of an era of coalition governments in Japan.

Overcoming the crisis in the economy and improved world conjuncture has contributed to the second coming of the LDP to the top of the power. But a new global economic and financial crisis in 2008, had a serious impact to the export-oriented Japanese economy, has significantly reduced the possibility of the state budget and the social sphere, has caused new dissatisfaction to the Japanese voters first of all directed to the ruling LDP.

Despite all of this the LDP is leading party of the country today, which is supporting not just by the representatives of the big business, also by the wide range of voters, from workers and farmers to businessmen and intellectuals, headed by Prime Minister Shinjo Abe.

We may say that the Japanese party - political system – is really restructures, multipolar, reverse, competitive party system with a strong center.

References:

1. Tsvetova I. A., The evolution of the modern party-political system of Japan. - M .: Institute for Far Eastern Studies, 2002. - 200 p.

2. Ibid. - P. 171

3. Molodyakova E.V., Markar'yan S.B., About the Japanese style of modernization // Japan: experience of modernization / Hands. EV project Molodyakova. - M .: AIRO-XXI, 2011 - C-65.

4. Ibid.- P.66

5. Streltsov D.V., The experience of political modernization of Japan in modern period // Japan: experience of modernization / Hands. EV project Molodyakova. - M .: AIRO-XXI, 2011.

6. Isaev B.A., Transformation of Japan party system in the middle of the XX - XXI centuries. // POLITEKS. - 2010.