Экономические науки/6. Маркетинг и менеджмент

Candidate of economic sciences, associated professor Mamrayeva D.G.,

master of economic sciences, senior teacher Ayaganova M.P.,

master of economic sciences, senior teacher Rakhimzhanova T.K.

Karaganda State University named after academician Y.A. Buketov,

Republic of Kazakhstan

Features of the models of the innovation process

On the basis of the scientific works of foreign authors like as Monchyev N., I. Perlaki, V.D. Hartman, Ye. Menefild, R. Foster, B. Twist, J. Schumpeter and others. The analysis of existing conceptual apparatus in the field of innovation was covered the following concepts: innovation (innovation), innovation, diffusion of innovations, innovative activity.

Let us analyze the definitions of the above authors. So, B. Tvist defines innovation as a process in which the invention or idea becoming the economic content [1, p. 32]. F. Nixon believes that innovation is a set of technical, industrial and commercial activities, leading to the appearance on the market of new and improved industrial processes and equipment [2, p. 57].

The founder of the concept of «innovation» Schumpeter treats innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination of production factors, motivated entrepreneurial spirit. The internal logic of innovation is new point of the economic development [3, p. 29].

At the present time applied to the technological innovation there are the concepts which were defined by the Oslo Guidelines and reflected in the International standards for statistics of science, technology and innovation.

International standards on statistics of science, technology and innovation this is the recommendations of international organizations in the field of statistics of science and innovation, providing the system description in the condition of market economy. In accordance with these standards, «Innovation is the final outcome of innovation, were embodied in the form of new or improved products, introduction on the market of a new or improved technological process used in practice, or a new approach to social services» [4, p. 75].

Innovation is the result of fundamental and applied research, development and experimental work in any field of activity for improving its effectiveness.

An important element of innovation activity is the diffusion of innovation. Diffusion of innovations is the process of propagation of innovations in business cycles scientific, technical, industrial, organizational, and economic activity.

The real rate of diffusion of innovation processes innovation depends on various factors: forms of decision-making; transmission method information; the properties of the social system; the properties of the innovation.

Thus, we can build a logical chain to understand the innovation. Innovations are the basis of novelty, as a result of scientific research, which can in turn the commercialization process creates the innovation, and then penetrate into other areas (diffusion of innovation).

Analysis of the development model of the innovation process was revealed the features and disadvantages of the identified models.

The model of the first generation of the innovation process was reflected that the innovation process had an line character and included scientific discoveries, industrial research and development, engineering and production activities, marketing, and, finally, the appearance on the market of a new product or process. At the same time the ideas of creating new products appear in the R&D departments, and the market play only a passive role, accepting the results of research and development. This model was prevailed until the mid 60's and was known as the «technology push» (technology push, science push).

In contrast to the first model, the second model («market attraction» - market pull, need pull) was assumed that innovations are the result of detection of the buyer's needs, tightly focused researches and development, culminating in the emergence of new products on the market. Scientific-research designs in this case are the responses to market demands.

The third model is considered in the study suggests that the process of innovation of the third generation (in Roswell) still had the character of the serial, but with feedback.

Another generally accepted process model of innovation of the third generation is a chain-Rosenberg Klein model, divided the innovation process into five stages: the central chain of the innovation process, iterative feedback between stages, the feedback of the market, scientific discoveries that lead to radical innovation, contribution to the process of innovation existing and new knowledge. The research for the creation of new knowledge, innovation, which contribute directly to the scientific research. This model is, in general, similar to the fifth model innovative process, which has also been studied. The difference of this model from Klein-Rosenberg that it complements traditional sources of innovation with learning from experience and an array of existing external knowledge.

It should also be noted that the process of selection and transformation of ideas into a final product can also be illustrated by a model of the «Funnel» was developed by Steven Ujlrajt and Kim Clark. Studying the process of developing new products, they focused their attention on the process of selection of innovative ideas. The model describes the process of moving from a large number of immature ideas to a limited number of promising product variants.

Analyzing the model of the innovation process of the first generation, we must note the insufficiently precise description of the processes of formation of innovation. This lack of feedback for the innovation process, and the lack of consideration of the influence of environmental factors, and although these deficiencies were partly taken into account in the models of the next generation, fully adequate description of the innovation process, these models can not do it. However, the study of the features of these models is especially important for the design of the most effective innovation process in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

In the most of the analyzed research a commercialization is presented like a phase of the innovation process, beginning with the start of production, and expiring at the stagnation of the product life cycle. This approach is flawed. For the successful implementation of innovation is necessary to deal with its commercialization at an earlier stage, with almost basic research in parallel assessing opportunities for the commercialization of innovations at all stages of its creation. This necessitates the creation of a model that takes into account all of the circumstances.

Literature:

1. Twiss B. Management of scientific and technological innovations. – М.: Economics, 1989. – 271 p.

2. Nixon F. Innovation management. – М.: Economics, 1997. – 240 p.

3. Shumpeter J. Theory of Economic Development. – М.: Progress publishing house. – 1982. – 455 p.

4. Il'enkova S.D. Innovation management. – М.: Juniti. – 1997. – 327 p.