Damage organs in white rats after consumption energy and soft drinks

Trubitsyna Irina, Fedotova Tatiana, Mikhalev Igor, Smirnova Anna Andrei Gulyaev
Moscow Clinical Research Center of the Department of Health of Moscow
SUMMARY
     Getting used to the consumption of energy and soft drinks growing fast. The original or a combination (cocktails) receiving energy drinks contributes to the rapid transition to alcohol. At the same time changes in the animals food and drinking behavior. Animals require increased doses of these beverages.

Recently, under the influence of intrusive and aggressive advertising in media outlets widespread among young people and middle-aged people got drinks classified as "low-alcohol". It is packaged in jars of sweet, carbonated beverages containing 9% alcohol. A youth "energy" drinks. They are packaged in cans of 0.3 or 0.5 liters., Which are convenient for transportation and drinking them in public places - the subway, street, cinema, theater, etc. Alarming is that tolerant attitude towards them, it is believed that they do not contain alcohol and therefore does not have a damaging effect. Energy drinks ("Energy", "energotoniki") - non-alcoholic or low-alcohol beverages, in an advertising campaign that focuses on their ability to stimulate the central nervous system and / or antisedativny effect. Ingredients: Drinks contain toning agents, most caffeine (in some cases, instead of caffeine in it is claimed extracts of guarana, mate tea or caffeine or caffeine under other names: mateine, theine, although, in fact, it's all the same caffeine) and other stimulants: theobromine and theophylline (cocoa alkaloids) are also homologues of caffeine, vitamins and often as easily assimilated source of energy - carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose), and so adaptogens [1,2,3]. Recently added taurine. In February 2009, the European Office for Food Safety (EFSA) has published its scientific opinion on taurine and glucuronolactone as an ingredient in tonic soft energy drinks. Finally EFSA confirmed that these ingredients in the quantities in which they are contained in energy drinks are safe for human health. Energy - A highly or medium drink (contains large amounts of carbonic acid (H2CO3) - as this promotes more rapid absorption of the components and the rapid effect of their application. A negative factor is that it appears to the habit and the need to increase the dose of consumption of these beverages as a "Energy", as well as soft drinks. A feature of the past is that they have a quick intoxicating effect due to carbon dioxide content. In addition, the expanded age group, it is not limited to youth. Starting eat their young, they continue to drink these beverages and adulthood. And "youth" group joins "older" group. Any behavior of a living being directed to meet the varying needs - biological, social. The need can be defined as an objective need of anything, for that it should be subjective, normally perceived by the nervous system of the animal, and to encourage it to act on its satisfaction, motivate the animal to certain actions [4,5,6,7]. Basic biological motivation in animals - food, drinking, sex and self-preservation [8]. The emergence of several motivations to choose the most urgent needs. In animals, it is solved by the innate hierarchy of needs - the need for self-preservation always prevails over the others - the threat of sexual life, drinking or eating instantly replaced by fight or flight, or the protection of the use of force.
Material and methods. To study the effects of this category of drinks on the body, a series of studies on white rats line Wistar. It is known that the consumption of alcoholic beverages experimental animals change their behavior causes aggression and the gradual habituation to alcohol, and, use a solution of ethyl alcohol (vodka) only occurs after the method as "violent" drink - animals leave only the solution of ethyl alcohol, water is removed through 2 to 3 days the rats begin to drink "vodka".
  The aim of our research was to study the multiple organ damage in rats at the use of low-alcohol (LAN) and energy drinks (EN).
 Material and methods - experiments were performed on white rats weighing 180-220 g. Animals were divided into 7 groups of 4 animals in each group, the duration of the study 5 days. Group 1 - the control (C) animals on normal food and water regime; 2nd G - rats were two troughs Water (W) and an energy drink (EN); 3rd G - EN; 4th G - W + LAN; 5th - LAN; 6th G - 40% ethyl alcohol solution of 10% sugar solution (EAS). 7th D - EAS + LAN. 8th - EN + cocktail made of vodka, the final concentration of 30% ethanol solution (ES). 9th - water +.
EN - «Red Bull», «Adrenaline Rush" LAN - cocktail "Black Russian". Animals were dosed amount of feed according to a conventional diet in the morning. The next day, the uneaten food was weighed again and allowed dosed amount of feed. Water and drinks - in the morning drinkers poured 0.5 liters of water and / or investigated drinks. , the animals had free access to food and water, temperature normal. In animals, the temperature was maintained between 19-25 ° C. The animals were divided into groups: control - drinking water, experienced group - the animals with free access to food and water was added to the drinking bowl EN «Red Bull» and SUN "Gin and tonic" (4 rats in each group). Autopsy of the animals after 14 and 45 days. Damage Index (PI) - number of hemorrhage / the number of animals. After 60 minutes, the rats were drinking EN, 4-5 hours later, the entire volume - 350 ml, the proposed EN, was drunk. All the animals preferred to EN water. Simultaneously they ate the feed to less than 50%. The water did not drink. After 7 days, the preference is stored EN and reducing food needs. Animal behavior changed dramatically. On the first day it has increased communication between animals, decreased response to external stimuli. They're locked in the communication within the "community" of animals, limited cell. Being in a vertical rack occupies 30-40% of the time, normally 10-15%. On day 10 external reaction only by adding a new portion of the beverage. It maintains a low feed intake. Lack EN alarming the animals are close to drinking and waiting for a new portion. By LAN like EN addictive after 60 minutes. The behavior of animals during the first 60-90 minutes of stimulation, then drowsiness, marked intoxicating effect. Drinking water has decreased by 10%, 35-40% food. Animals waiting LAN, every day they drank 350 ml of the drink, no SAN alarming and aggression. Rats waiting additives that drink if added to the LAN trough. One rat of 4 stopped to drink water and eat food only and LAN 7 days died. After 7-10 days, the behavior of the animals remained unchanged - they preferred SAN, feed intake is reduced, but less than in the group of "young". Rat shoved each other from drinkers, but no fights. 70-80% of sleep daytime, the intoxicating effect. By the 20th day appears aggression toward staff who feed the animals.
In the groups of animals with dignity and EN tests were performed to determine the physical activity. Locomotors activity was reduced after 10 days in the LAN from 80,1 ± 9,2 to 27,0 ± 5,2 with the (p <0.05). EN from 80,1 ± 9,2 to 31,0 ± 3,1 with the (p <0.05). The number of vertical posts decreased from 46,8 ± 5,5 to 12,9 ± 2,4 (p <0.05); EN from 46,8 ± 5,5 to 10,6 ± 1,2 (p <0.05). The number of passes in the second swelling decreased from 5,3 ± 2,1 to 2,3 ± 0,9 and 0,5 ± 0,09, respectively (p <0.05). Sniffing in groups with 5,8 ± 1,4 to 3,6 ± 0,9 and 3,4 ± 1,3 (p> 0.05).
On the first day marked ataxia, confusion, lethargy, drowsiness, reduced consumption of food and water for all the animals. An autopsy revealed the animals, in addition to signs of venous plethora of internal organs, subperikardialnye and subdural hemorrhage, subcapsular hemorrhage of liver, kidney (Fig. 1)

subcapsular hemorrhage

Fig. 1. Liver tissue of rats after 45 days of SUN

The behavior of the animals after taking these drinks - reduced motor activity, the state of anxiety and cognitive reflex points to a depressing effect on the central nervous system.
Upon receiving SAN animal laboratory samples 230±20 AST U / L (control 72-196 U / L); 200 ± 13 ALT IU / L (110-140 U / l), bilirubin 5 ± 3 mmol/l (0-1,67mkmol/l).

Fig. 2. Perivascular edema cardio hypertrophy of muscle fibers, necrosis of individual muscle fibers

Fig. 3. Heart "immured" in adipose tissue, highlight it fails, the epicardium is covered by adipose tissue

Fig. 4.Hyperemia, small abscesses in the lungs

The white rats quickly get used to drink EN and «vodka», requiring increased doses of drinks. Prior use of EN facilitates the transition of alcoholic beverages, especially alcoholic. In animals, reducing the need for drinking water and food. Changing the pattern of behavior of animals, they simultaneously become active within the group and few respond to external stimuli. Toxic multiorgan damage to internal organs of experimental animals (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4). Thus, the use of EN and SAN in small doses does not lead to a catastrophe, but the daily long-term use causes multiple organ changes. In the form of impaired blood flow, hemorrhage, inflammation. The "young" animals appear lesions that are characteristic of the "old" rats. This pneumonia, abscesses in the lungs, myocardial infarction, liver and kidney degeneration. In animals, behavior changes in the "community." Reduced interest in learning the "new" areas in the old cage, and when transplanted to a new cell. Animals large percentage of sleep time, enlivened only by the addition of a new portion of beverage. Animals exhibit aggression not only to the staffs of the room for animals, but also within the community. We assume that the change of multiple organ toxic after consuming drinks change the content of biologically active substances in the urine, saliva of animals. Changing individual smell. It is different from the smell of the nearest neighbors. The animal will be attacked by its neighbors in the "family." There are fights that may end death of the animal. We saw that in two cases, Mr. Sun and animal drinkers EN more than 15 days.
Conclusions:
1. Long-term use LAN and EN cause damage to multiple organ toxicity in animals.
2. There is a dose-dependent use of these addictive drinks.
3. Change the "social" animals commanded. Reduces the motivation of self-preservation.
4. Appears "easy" transition to the use of stronger drinks.
5. Long-term and uncontrolled use of EN, LAN and can lead to death of the animals.

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Review article senior research fellow of the Moscow Clinical Research Center Moscow Bialystok NI Dr. med. Sciences:
A current article is devoted to the subject, an increase of different carbonated drink napitkov- Energy, containing alcohol and without it. Drink this drink young and middle-aged people. The scientific research clearly demonstrated that the observed damage to the digestive system, the cardiovascular system and lungs. The article can be published.