Конференция «Перспективы мировой науки»

Строительство и архитектура/3. Современные технологии строительства, реконструкции и реставрации.

Zaiats I.I.

State Higher Educational Establishment «Pridneprovs’ka State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture»

TENDENCIES OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH-RISE MULTIFUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES AND URBAN PLANNING PRACTICE

High-rise construction began in the USA in the early twentieth century. It technical pre-requisites have become the invention of the elevator and the production of steel and the subsequent development and widespread introduction of steel structures frame, which spurred the transition from wall structural system to frame. Formed techniques of group accommodation and mostly monofunctional purpose of high-rise buildings with the formation of the downtown. Depending on natural conditions downtown is solved in the form of a concentrated core of high-rise buildings or linearly along the waterfronts or highways [1].

In Europe the construction of high-rise buildings and structures began in the late 1950 – early 1960. Feature of the European approach to high-rise development is the complexity and multifunctionality. The multifunctionality of European high-rise buildings is based on a combination of mono-functional high-rise buildings with residential houses, high-rise and low-rise buildings of the infrastructure that enables you to solve every type of buildings according to their purpose (intransigence of space-planning decisions dictated by multifunctionality) and to provide a multi-faceted life areas during the day. Usually, in Europe today land for high-rise buildings are discharged outside of the historic areas of cities. It is placed on the outskirts, on the territories of obsolete industrial areas.

High-rise construction in Asia intensified in the last decades of the twentieth century. Mainly the formation of mono-functional compact or linear high-rise urban centers – office-bank, sometimes supplemented by the small number of high-rise hotels.

Since 2000, the pace of high-rise construction is constantly growing. In 2012-2013, the number of completed high-rise buildings has somewhat decreased, but this decline can be attributed to the effects of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009.

The most successful years for the number of constructed buildings taller than 200 meters were in 2011 and 2013, respectively, 81 and 73 of the completed objects.

From 2000 to 2014, the total number of high-rise buildings over 200 m or more increased from 261 to 830, that is 318%.

2013 was the fourth year in a row are built in 9 ultra-high buildings (height of 300 m and more). 36 built in this period buildings account for almost half of the total number of existing ultra-high buildings.

With 73 high-rise buildings, built in 2013, 12 (16%) entered the list of 100 tallest buildings in the world.

For the sixth consecutive year in China built the largest number of buildings over 200 m and more, with can not compare to any one country. Here were completed on 37 sites in 22 cities.

For the second year in a row, three of the five tallest buildings are located in the United Arab Emirates.

In 2013, for the first time since 1953, in Europe built two of the ten tallest buildings.

Of the 73 buildings over 200 meters completed construction in 2013, only one built in the USA.

The share of North America in the total number of high-rise buildings with a height of 200 m and more, built in 2013, decreased from 6% to 1%. And all the tall buildings in this period were built in Panama (fig. 1).

Fig. 1. The distribution of high-rise buildings in regions of construction

In the last decade, we continued the development of several trends in functional buildings: the share of high-rise office buildings was reduced from 39% to 34%; high-rise buildings designed only for housing, up 30%; the share of multifunctional high-rise buildings has increased from 29% to 31%; high-rise hotel is 5% of the total number of high-rise buildings (fig. 2).

Fig. 2. The distribution of high-rise buildings by functionality

Among the predominant building materials concrete used in the construction of 63% of sites. The number of concrete structures has increased from 26% to 32%, while steel design make up 3% of the total number. This is very different from the 1970s, when 90% of high-rise buildings in the world were built of steel (fig. 3).

Fig. 3. The distribution of high-rise buildings by material of structures

It all depends on where the project is and how radically different floor layout in the case of multi-purpose use. The most used concrete in the construction of residential and hotel areas of high-rise buildings with a powerful core, a smaller number of iterations and a higher hardness. For office space may have a size with a free plan, which is easier to achieve if you work with steel. Because there is more and more high-rise multifunctional buildings, a growing need for the combination of different types of building materials within the same building [2].

For Ukrainian urban planning practice the most valuable may be the European experience of high-rise construction:

- consistent concentration of power production on a limited number of sites;

- subordination of the urban design to principles of integrated urban development with deployment of transport networks in several levels;

- ensuring the comprehensiveness of the development due to the combination of objects of different functional purposes in buildings, space-planning decision which most harmoniously match their functions, however, this does not mean the creation of multifunctional high-rise buildings, and the combination of comprehensive construction of different buildings for different functions, i.e. the creation of a high-rise multifunctional complexes.

References:

1. Маклакова Т.Г. Высотные здания. Градостроительные и архитектурно-конструктивные проблемы проектирования: Монография / Т.Г. Маклакова. – М.: Издательство АСВ, 2008. – 160 с.

2. Сафарик Д. Тенденции высотного строительства 2013 года / Д. Сафарик, Э. Вуд, М. Карвер, М. Герометта // Высотные здания. – 2014. – № 2. – С. 92-97.