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Associate professor Mirzaev B.S.
Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration, Uzbekistan
Doctor of technical sciences, professor Mamatov F.M.
Karshi Engineering-Economic Institute, Uzbekistan
associate professor Uzakov Z.
Karshi Engineering-Economic
Institute, Uzbekistan
Soil
protection energy-saving technologies and multifunctional unit for tillage and preparation
of soil for sowing
and machine-tractor fleets. In
this case, the coefficient of
efficiency of existing tillers is low, that significantly affects the
cost price of agricultural products.
At present in the Republic of Uzbekistan
lot of attention is paid to the improvement of farming systems and creation of
new techniques for tillage, allowing for more efficient
soil fertility with minimal energy and labor costs.
In
the country in processing and preparation of soil
for sowing are used different sets of technical means
that leads to a significant expansion of the agricultural
machinery park in the farms
In
the agrarian sector of economy of Uzbekistan share of
farms and small farms is equal to 100 %. In this aspect,
emerging technologies and machines must best meet the
modern methods of good housekeeping of farmers. Each unit of purchased or
leased agricultural machinery should be used with best effect.
One of the main reasons of the
low coefficient of tillers
using is ways of processing and preparation of the
soil for sowing. At the present time, the soil
preparation for sowing and sowing of agricultural crops
is carried out mainly by stepwise method, i.e. by
single-purpose machines in several passes. Single-purpose technology of soil
preparation for sowing involves fertilizing, plowing, soil preparation for sowing
(disking, harrowing and etc.). Then the sowing of agricultural crops
is carried out.
On the basic tillage
for agricultural
crops mainly are used traditional general-purpose plows and plows
for bunk plowing. Feature of the technological process of these plows, based on
forking out of soil layers to the side, causes the formation on cultivated fields the breakup furrows and
back ridges. These bumps are typically aligned with the same plows, in four or
more passes, or scraper blade. In terms of a constructive, the main drawback of
traditional plows is the staggered location of its working bodies. With this
location of working bodies, the length of the plow becomes
dependent on the width of capture, wherein takes significantly large value
in the comparison with it. The increasing of the plow length leads
to a sharp increase of the construction metal
capacity.
Thus, the
traditional technologies, from the point of view of agronomy and economy, not justified because
they reduce productivity of labor, increase costs of labor and resources, the
soil is compacted, protracted periods of the soil preparation, the soil dries
rapidly, that leads to the reduction of
agricultural crop yields.
Based
on the foregoing, agriculture must be provided with such machines and units
that meet the following requirements: to provide significant (1.5-3 times)
increasing of labor productivity, reducing of the nomenclature
of machines of 1.5 ... 2 times and fuel
consumption by more than 20%; energy capacity
of operations that are performed by combined units should be lower than the
total energy capacity of the operations of the whole complex of single-purpose machines;
labor costs at the work of combined units should be lower than at the work of the whole complex of the replaceable single-purpose machines.
In our
opinion, multifunctional soil cultivating unit satisfies these
requirements to the full.
In Karshi Engineering-Economic Institute developed
a multifunctional unit on the basis of the combined front plow. It is known
that the front plows differ from traditional plows by the small length, independent of the width of capture, by symmetrical balanced compact design
and low material capacity.
The
feature of the multifunctional unit is the installation
of the exchangeable working bodies on
the carrier system of the machine, ensuring the
processes of both the main and the surface processing of the soil, and the
processing and preparation of soil for sowing of different crops on new
technologies.
Multifunctional tillage unit
provides the following technologies:
-
smooth plowing without furrows with the turnover of layer on 1800 within its own furrow. For the
implementation of this technology machine is equipped with frontal established left reversing and right reversing plow bodies 1 and 2, and with after plows 3, which implement
the overturning of layers within its own furrow at 1800 , as well as support-
ripping leveling roller 4 (Fig. 1a). The mounting of the bodies allows changing
the capture width of the bodies, and, consequently, the width of the capture of
machine [1];
Figure 1. The scheme of multifunctional tillage unit.
- moldboardless
tillage, including chisel tillage. At moldboardless
tillage machine is equipped by moldboardless bodies 5
and 6, a frontally mounted on the frame, which implement
the
left reversing and right reversing of soil layers,
and by the packer - leveling roller 4 (Fig. 1b), and for processing by
chisel - loosening working bodies 10 of the "paraglide" type (Fig. 1e) [2];
- moldboardless tillage with band
subsoil loosening of soil, prostrated to wind and water
erosion. The purpose of the band subsoil loosening is to protect the soil from
erosion (retention and accumulation of moisture), the regulation of moisture
supplies, destruction of plow sole and decompression of surface horizon. In
this case, the unit is equipped by the moldboardless left reversing and right reversing bodies 5 and 6, by subsoilers
7 and leveling-packer roller 4 (Fig. 1b) [2];
-
processing and preparation of soil for sowing of melons. To implement this
technology unit is equipped by the symmetrically located left reversing and right reversing bodies 1
and 2 (in the form of listeral body), short after plows 3, rippers for shallow treatment, installed at the sidepiece of
literal body,
subsoilers, wad crusher 4 (Figure 1c ) and by the device
for fertilizing. Rippers 5 and 6 can be carried out in the form of
moldboardless bodies. Subsoiler carried out in the form of
“paraglide" and installed behind bodies (not shown in the scheme) [3];
- processing and
preparation of soil for sowing of corn and cotton on ridges with simultaneous fertilizing. For the implementation of this technology unit
(Figure 1d) is equipped by left reversing
and right reversing bodies 1 and 2 with short
plowshares, rippers 8 and deep rippers 9 with fat conductors, mounted on the axis of symmetry of the oppositely-directed
bodies, wad crusher, made in the form of a convex- concave curve, and the crest doers, as well as a device for fertilizing
(they not shown in the scheme). In this case, rippers and deep
rippers implement loosening on the formed ridge line
by
simultaneous local fertilizing. The left reversing and right reversing bodies,
cutting and wrapping layers towards each other, are pre-formed ridges, then wad
crusher loosens the soil, after that crest doers finally form
ridges [4, 5].
In 2007-2011 years in Kashkadarya region of Uzbekistan held the farm testing of multifunctional tillage machine with
replaceable working bodies made on the basis of the front
plow ÏÔÕ-3. The
unit showed a qualitative and reliable operation at moldboard tillage of the
soil from wheat, in the preparation of the soil from cotton to the ridge sowing
with simultaneous local fertilizing, at reclaimer stockpile
and moldboardless tillage of slopes and at processing
and preparation of the soil for melons sowing.
The feature
of multifunctional unit is its ability to block approach
by wheel and crawler tractors.
Thus, the
new multifunctional machine may perform methods of processing and preparation
of the soil for different cultures with simultaneous fertilizing in the systems
of soil protection and irrigated agriculture in the different conditions in all
periods of field works. The performed tests
have shown that the use of multifunctional combined unit allows reducing labor
costs by 25...28%, fueling costs - by 21…25% and operating costs – by 30...35% in comparison with existing machines.
REFERENCES
1.
Ergashev I.T. Research and justification of the main parameters of combined plow
for a smooth plowing in the conditions of cotton seeds sowing in the
Uzbekistan. The abstract of
dissertation...candidate technical sciences. - M. , 1992.
2. The provisional patent UZ
4044. Tillage unit
//Mamatov F.M. and etc. - Published in Bull. ¹ 1, 1997.
3. Patent UZ IAP 03618.
Combined tool for tillage and seeding //Mamatov F.M. and etc. - Published in Bull. ¹ 4, 2008.
4.
Certificate of authorship SU 1787340. Combined tillage //
Mamatov F.M. and etc. - Published in Bull. I. ¹ 2, 1993.
5.
Patent UZ IAP 03071. Method of soil
preparation for sowing row crops on ridges and furrows //Mamatov F.M. and etc.
- Published in Bull. ¹ 6, 2006.