Технологічні
науки/5.Енергетика
V. Liashuk, K.Chala
National University of Food
Technologies, Kyiv, Ukraine
Types
and sources of alternative energy. Methods of their
Implementation.
Alternative energy sources
or renewable energy sources are solar, wind, geothermal, energy, energy of waves
and tributaries, hydro energy, biomass energy, organic waste gas, gas from
sewage treatment plants, biogas. It also has secondary energy resources, which
include blast furnace and coke oven gas, methane gas for coal degassing,
transformation of waste energy potential of technological processes. Energy
is not only one of the most discussed today concepts. Humanity needs energy,
and needs in it increase every year.
Solar energy
Solar energy is one of the
alternative sources of energy. It is most often used in the world. The energy
of sunlight is used as an energy source, which is converted into thermal or
electric by means of special constructions.
There are two types of solar energy - active and passive
solar energy. Passive solar energy uses the duration, position and intensity of
sunlight in its superiority when heating a particular area. He also uses it to
induce airflow from the area. Active solar energy uses electrical technologies
and mechanical technologies such as collector panels for capturing,
transforming and storing energy for future use.
Today, for the transformation of solar radiation into
electrical energy, we have two options: to use solar energy as a source of heat
for generating electricity in traditional ways (for example, using turbine
generators) or directly convert solar energy into electric current in solar
cells. Solar energy is also used after its concentration with the help of
mirrors - for melting of substances, water distillation, heating, heating.
According to experts, the most attractive idea about the transformation of
solar energy is the use of the photoelectric effect in semiconductors. However,
solar photovoltaic cells today are finding their specific application. They
were virtually indispensable sources of electric current in missiles,
satellites and automatic interplanetary stations, and on Earth - primarily for
powering telephone networks in non-electrified areas or for small consumers of
current (radio equipment, electric razors and lighters).
Wind energy
Wind energy is the enormous energy of moving air masses.
Stocks of wind energy more than one hundred times exceeds the hydropower
reserves of all the rivers of the planet. Winds blow constantly and everywhere
on the earth - from a light breeze that carries the desired coolness in the
summer heat to powerful hurricanes that bring countless loss and destruction.
The theory of a wind turbine was developed, on the basis of which highly
productive installations could be created, capable of obtaining energy from the
weak wind
The latest research is aimed primarily at receiving
electric energy from wind energy. Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy - industrial energy production, in
particular electricity, from hot springs, thermal groundwater. Geothermal
energy (natural heat of the Earth), accumulated in the first ten kilometers of
Earth's crust, 10 times greater than the geological resources of all types of
fuels taken together. Of all types geothermal energy have the best economic
parameters hydrogeothermal resources - thermal water, steam and water mixtures
and natural steam. Hydrothermal resources, which are used practically today,
make up only 1% of the total thermal stock of the subsoil. Perspectives should
be considered areas in which the growth of temperature with depth is quite
intense.
The earth contains a molten stone called magma. Heat is produced constantly from it. Water penetrates deeply into the Earth, and hot rock
boils water. Then boiled water produces a couple that is fond of geothermal
heat pumps. The steam converts the turbines, which in turn activates the
generators.
It is economically expedient to use thermal water
for heating and hot water supply of communal, agricultural and industrial
enterprises, for technological purposes, extraction of valuable chemical
components and others.
Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen energy is the direction of human energy production and
consumption, which is based on the use of hydrogen as a means for the
accumulation, transportation and use of energy by the population, transport and
various industrial areas.
Hydrogen, the simplest and lightest of all chemical
elements, can be considered an ideal fuel. When combustion of hydrogen forms
water, which can be re-decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen, and this process
does not cause any pollution of the environment.
Hydrogen can be used as fuel for any vehicle (for
passenger cars and boats), as well as to meet the energy needs of buildings
(for continuous power supply) and as a supply for household appliances. Water
can be transported and distributed through pipelines like natural gas .
Pipeline fuel transport is the cheapest way of long-range energy transmission.
In addition, pipelines are laid underground, which does not violate the
landscape. Gas pipelines occupy less land than air electric lines.
In the modern economy, hydrogen remains more chemical
than energy.
Literature:
1.
Babiyev
G. M., Deoragh D.V., Shchukin A.R. Prospects for the introduction of
non-traditional and renewable energy sources in Ukraine. // ELECTRICAL
Magazine, - Zaporozhye: OJSC "Gamma", 1998 №1, P.63-64.
2.
Derogan
D.V., Shchukin A.R. Prospects for the use of energy and fuel in Ukraine from
non-traditional and renewable sources .// "New technologies in the field
of non-traditional and renewable energy sources", Kyiv: JSC
"Ukrenergosaving", 1999.- №2, p.30-38.
3. V. Volodin, P.
Khazanovsky "Energy, the twenty-first century"
4. L. S. Yudasin
"Energy: Problems and Hope"