Sutbayeva R.O.

The Caspian state university of technologies and engineering of Sh.Esenova

Quality of life in Kazakhstan

 

The concept of "quality of life" is multifaceted, it is a set of real conditions, which are provided by the state for the development of its citizens. It must be borne in mind that the quality of life is determined not only by the capability to meet the primary needs of man - food, clothing, housing, security of life and property. In as much it is characterized and ample opportunities for citizens to influence government decisions fateful decision, for the spiritual and creative development, introduction to the masterpieces of world culture, and recreation.

Modern country for quality of life can be roughly divided into three groups. First you can enable poor countries to focus on how to meet even the primary needs of their citizens - to dress, feed, provide housing and to create more or less safe environment for living. The second group (group of developing countries) can be divided to include those which have achieved the task of the first group and now there are attempts to meet the needs of market saturation in various material benefits. Finally, the third group includes the developed countries which have implemented the democratic rights of citizens and provided the best environment for spiritual development. According to this classification Kazakhstan can be easily ranked as the second group of countries.

Income of the population. It should be noted that for 2001-2005. Average monthly income of the population of Kazakhstan, on average increased by more than 2-fold (from 118 to 256 U.S. dollars). Despite the fact that the average amount of revenue for the country, it can be argued that the income gap between the richest 20 % and 20 % very poor in Kazakhstan from year to year declines. The Gini index, which reflects the gap for 2001-2005, decreased from 0.322 to 0.290. According to the methodology for calculating this indicator, "0" will mean perfect income equality among all population groups.

Result from the Government of the RK measures to improve the standard of living has been increasing at an average cash income per capita. So, in January 2007, per capita nominal income for the period increased by 17.8%. Messages of the President of Kazakhstan of public sector annual increase on average by 30%.

Unemployment. In the present work have been completed on 3379 projects, or 94% of all adopted to implement the projects. In implementing the "road map" in the country this year, create about 133 thousand jobs, which employed about 129 000 people (or 96.8% of the number of jobs created).

The number of employed increased and was 8.2 million, 2.7% more than in the corresponding period of 2009. Number of employees is 5.4 million (an increase of 3.4% over the same period last year), the number of self-employed increased by 35.1 thousand people and sostavilo2, 7 million.

The number of unemployed people decreased by 54 thousand people and was 481.7 thousand, respectively, decreased the unemployment rate to 5.6% (in the third quarter of 2009, -6.3%).

Since 2011, employment agencies of the Republic for labor mediation addressed 4226000 people, of which 3589000 jobs (employment level-84, 9%).

For unemployed people from target groups created 461000 social work places, after the completion of 103000 people are employed on a permanent job. In the paid public works attended 979000 unemployed. On the job training aimed 577000 people, among them after completion of training for permanent jobs employed 362000, or 62.7%.

In areas of employment in the "Youth Practice" was attended by 417000 graduates of educational institutions, of which a permanent job employability - HN 6.3 thousand people or 15.1%.

Local executive authorities conducted a systematic work on creating new jobs. As of December 1, 2010 in the republic created 2469000 new jobs are permanent - 1667000 (67.5%), temporary and seasonal - 802000 (32.5 %).

Housing. The average housing provision of 18.3 sq.m. Kazakhstan as compared to 22 sq.m. in Russia, with 38 sq.m. in Austria, from 65 sq.m. in the U.S..

The population of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 01.09.2010, amounts to 16.2 million. In 2009, the number increased by 1.9%, while housing increased by 1.2%. Housing Fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2009 - 270.9 million sq.m. (Table 1). Since 2003, the average height of the housing stock in Kazakhstan 1.6%.

Table 1. Average growth of housing in Kazakhstan over the past  7 years - 1.6%

 

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Population, million

14,9

15,0

15,1

15,2

15,4

15,6

15

16,2

Housing, million m

243,0

252,7

254,6

256,1

266,6

267,8

270,9

-

The provision of housing, sq.m.

17,0

17,3

17,5

17,6

17,9

18,1

18,3

-

Population growth over previous year ,%

-

0,7

0,7

0,7

1,3

1,3

1,3

-

The growth of housing

-

4,0

0,8

0,6

1,8

2,8

1,2

-

Life expectancy at birth. In 1987 it was 70.5 years. Currently, neonatal LE Kazakhstan is 66.91 years. This indicator now has a stable tendency to increasing due to increase in LE of newborn girls. LE boys from year to year, is unstable, but generally slightly reduced  (From 60.5 to 60.3 years decreased).

Numerical gender inequality, which takes place in the country, influenced in part to the fact that 26.6 percent of children in the city and 21.3 in the village are born to women who are not married. This huge figure suggests that a large number of births Kazakhs are doomed to a low standard of living. If the government wants to ensure that in future a decent living in Kazakhstan need to permanently increase the amount of government spending on social services, excluding education and health. Public spending on social assistance and social services in 2006 amounted to 20.21, to education - 15.1 for health care - 10.2 percent.

According to the Human Development Report 2005 UNDP in the country has a high mortality rate at working age.

Men supermortality leads to the fact that the number of 30-year old men do not live up to 50 years, nearly one in five (19.1 percent). As a result, an increasing number of widows and children left without a breadwinner. This leads to a decrease in family income, reduce the opportunities for education, increasing the risk of future children of the deceased to be unemployed.

Health of the population. The most important issue for the government is the health of the population. In Kazakhstan, the social situation is health. Official statistics indicates that the incidence of tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases, malignant tumors, anemia (especially in children), diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and endocrine systems and parasitic diseases in Kazakhstan is growing steadily. 19.7% of the employed population work in terms of inappropriate hygienic standards.

  Strengthening public health depends not only on the professionalism of health care workers and technical equipment of medical institutions, but also on the provision of safe drinking water, clean natural environment, safe for the health food industry developed food, rest, and last but not least - from literacy and culture of the population. It is noteworthy that in some regions with a high gross regional product is registered low standard of living of local people. It can be argued that between the quality of life in Kazakhstan and the growth of GDP per capita close correlation does not exist. Obviously, the increase of oil, gas, ferrous and nonferrous metals and export them abroad, in fact, a legitimate form of plunder of national wealth, which lead to rapid exhaustion of the richest mineral deposits, poor quality of the environment and exploitation of the living human labor For example, in mining and smelting complex enterprises.

  For the systematic quality of life in the country must develop a system of targeted quantitative and qualitative indicators that reflect the goals of environmental quality and availability of necessary public services: education, health, utilities (electricity, heat, water, gas, etc.) , communications (telecommunications, transport links, the Internet), entertainment (libraries, theaters, exhibition centers, museums, music, art, sports schools, children's art schools, clubs, concert halls, stadiums, etc.). These indicators should be the criteria for the effectiveness of public administration at the regional level.

Democratic freedoms. In addition to wealth of citizens concerned about the country's political system, what important economic and political decisions are made by the president, the government, local authorities, appointed as candidates for key positions in the state. And so the citizens would like to have effective, functioning legal mechanisms that allow people to influence decision fateful state decisions. For example, the upcoming accession of Kazakhstan to the World Trade Organization, the construction of nuclear power plants or other major environmentally hazardous and costly objects.

It is important that civil society has been able to influence the quality of developed and implemented by government, industry and regional development programs, to precede the contents of their national strategies and concepts. Such opportunities in Kazakhstan today is not even in our scientists, while this opportunity is granted to foreign experts and scholars. However, overseas "leaked" strategic information relating to various aspects of economic security.

The effectiveness of public administration in a democratic state is in direct proportion to the political economy of literacy and active citizens.

 At present a major obstacle to further improve the quality of life in Kazakhstan, is, along with economic factors to ensure the realization of democratic rights of citizens.

In order to improve the quality of the following tasks:

- Improving life expectancy. It is necessary not only to stimulate the birth rate in the country, but also save lives of people already born, and in particular should pay attention to the extremely high gender gap in life expectancy;

- Solving problems in health to reduce infant and maternal mortality, halting HIV and other major diseases and reduce the incidence of them;

- Creating of a professional government, decentralization of power and corruption;

- The restorating of high quality education, which was achieved during the Soviet era, as well as ensuring its further development based on the needs of the economy and human development;

- Promoting of fundamental and applied science.