Historical sciences / 4. Ethnography
Guliyeva
Nargiz Melik qizi
doctor
of historical sciences, professor
Institute
of archaeology and ethnography of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baki,
(Azerbaijan)
Hasanov
Elnur Latif oglu
post-graduate,
scholar
Ganja
regional scientific center of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Ganja,
(Azerbaijan)
About development of some basic crafts in Ganja
Key words: handicraft branches, historic-ethnographical
investigation, decorative-applied arts, Ganja, Azerbaijan.
Ganja has more than
3000 years old and is situated in the Western part of Azerbaijan. Investigation
of development of some basic crafts in Ganja is an important scientific
problem.
Traditional textile
of art of silk weaving products has a special place in Ganja. In the city
formed two main method of silk treatment:
1. Spinning. 2. Winding.
From the point of
view silkworm breeding development and
its preparing technology there were
two main forms of production: so-called
raw silk weaving and felt weaving .In
this important technological processes
it has such kind of production
stages as cocoon opening, silk initial processing
,preparing of raw silk, weaving
technology, painting and decoration.
In the ancient
Ganja during the stage of the Middle Ages the great progress of silkworm was
represented by raw silk weaving. For this reason, on the basis of local
traditions production of delicate silk textiles from raw silk .There were made
such kind of important samples of art as atlas and kelaqai (silk kerchief). We
must pay attention to the moment that differs from the other silk fabrics,
kelaqai was prepared by specialists. But distinctly of production of raw silk
that was city silkworm breeding and was man activity, felt production was woman
work.
In Ganja, that know
as the ancient cultural center, the saddle-making handicraft differed from
others with rich old traditions. First time preparation of the vehicles was
house profession. But afterwards
saddle preparation needed of qualified skilled masters, so a new type of art saddle-making, started to form.
Historically the
traditional art of saddle-making in Ganja developed in direction of cargo and
passenger saddle making. The art of saddle-making within the local saddle-types
and their components were determined on a specialization. The production of
cargo or pack –saddle a rule was engaged by pack-saddle maker. For this reason,
in most cases, the profession was called trade of pack-saddle maker [8].
Afterwards
military, economic and transportation significance of hourse was decrease, the
demand for goods of saddle-making also was decrease. The reason of primitive
saddle-making decreasing was wide sale of cheaper factory products.
There is no any
source about glass production in and around Ganja. The majority of
archaeologists agreed with the idea, that the homeland of glass
production is ancient Egypt, but the famous English archaeologist, Egyptologist
Petri Flinders thought, that it could be Mesopotamia or the Caucasus. Taking
into account that cobalt, used in glass
coloring wasn’t in Egypt, the scientists thought that, it could be in the
Caucasus, also in Dashkesan.
Samples of glass
decorations, of BC, we met in the patterns of Ganjachay, Mingechevir, Xachbulaq
and others. In these areas, the first centuries BC were found in samples of the
glass plate. The majority of containers and the analysis based on graphical
elements of the Roman scholars came to the opinion that the samples of the same
scale as the Roman Empire through trade.
There are more than
2000 beads in complex materials. Colored beads have prepared of different types
products. Mostly distinguish beads that prepared from blue green and grey
paste. A group of beads made of bone and antimony.
A part of the
hanging beads were prepared from cockleshells "Nassagibbosula" and
"Suraeva Moneta». According to expert’s thoughts, such kind of cockleshell
that widely spared in the Indian and Pacific Ocean, also the Eastern
Mediterranean region were put to Azerbaijan with economic relations.
Among the materials
of Borsunlu Complex are differ with number of beats in majority and form.
In III-V centuries, the local craftsmen
themselves also became to produce better-designed containers. Among the local
clay and glass utensils that found in and around Ganja there were big
similarity in the form and also in the decoration.
All the glass
dishes found in and around Ganja are
similar with the local clays on decoration of that period. Glass dishes were
containing of Iron, cobalt, magnesium
and other elements, that were specific
elements for Ganja and its surroundings. The development history of this sphere
of craftsmanship can be determined only through archaeological research. In
general, information about the development of this sphere of was found in
1959-1960 years, glass products in and around Ganja was obtained only at the
end of the twentieth century.
Results of
archaeological excavations in the territory of Azerbaijan and research show
that in the preparation of glass utensils were two technical methods: casting
method and the method of blowing. The first of these methods is more ancient,
but in the Early Middle Ages and Middle Ages were used both of them.
Produced glass
alloys were transparent colored. By the addition of dusts of various metals in
glass alloys people got colored glasses. We can see also to get her with
different tinted green glasses also parts of blue, black and pink colored glass
dish in sections of IX-X century in Shatal and Ganja. In IX-X centuries
appeared dishes, that had handle and spout .
Glass products,
obtained in Ganja and Shatal in the IX-X centuries, find their similarities
in dwelling places of the Middle Ages
in Barda, Beylagan, Mingechevir, also in the obtained materials of the
neighboring republics of the same period.
Among decorations
of that period yellow, white and red beads of round and plain form are met
mostly. At the beginning of X-XIII centuries development of production of glass
in and around Ganja characterized by improvement from the technology point of
view.
Archaeological
researchs show, that outside of the cities in the VIII-IX centuries, also big
settlements were established. This is often due to density in cities.
Wood treatment and
trade of ornamentals. In the territory of Azerbaijan the oldest samples of wood
treatment were found in the territory of ancient Ganja. Around Ganja area – in
the region of Lake Goy-gol
in the IV-III millennium BC have been discovered wooden thicker board, also wooden sugar
bowl, that concern to the end of the II
millennium BC, found in Mingechevir
pitcher grave are material evidences of science thoughts .
Along with the
works and notes of medieval authors and
travelers, a lot of material samples ,found in the territory of ancient Ganja
,also found in Mingachevir and concern
to Middle Ages trough, ladle, wooden
threshing board, shows that in Ganja
wood treatment and sculptor art
have a rich tradition.
Wood treatment
products historically have been represented in various fields of social and
cultural life in Ganja:
1. Kitchen
appliances: trough, quadruped, rolling-pin, mortar and pestle, ladle, spoon,
trough.
2. Transport means:
sleigh, car, and ski.
3. Weaving tools:
comb, face.
4. Household tools:
harrow, wooden plow,threshing board, spade, wooden shouvel, pitchfork, rake.
5. Musical
instruments: saz, ud, tar, chamahcha, tambourine, drum.
Along with the mosque Cuma (Shah
Abbash),that constructed in 1606,local samples of trade ornamentals ,that built
in Sheikh Javad Khan Street, that have 3 century history
and was built in the nineteenth century
in building of Sheikh Nizami Ganjavy’s
representatives Sheikhzamanlylars property and, that was restored in 2011, are
attractive especial attention [4-11].
Pottery and brick
production. The formation of pottery on the territory of ancient Ganja is
concern to the stages of ancient
history. Basis on research works
carried out by the various persons in XIX century and experts-archeologists at the beginning of XX century in old
ruins of the city and surrounding areas there were found different samples of
pottery.
First of all, there
have been discovered, that initial ceramic production in Ganja and its
surrounding regions are belong to the VIII-VII millennium BC. From the history
point of view, these ancient clay vessels, belonging to the Neolithic stage,
are differing from the pottery samples of the neighboring ethnic in number
characteristics. These differences are seen in preparing technology, also in
the area of external surface decoration.
From the
construction point of view, samples of pottery, that concern to Antique period,
also to the period of Hellenism in Ganja, differed in various forms:
1. Pictorial vases 2.
Ceramic figures 3. Connected dishes
Pottery dishes,
that concern to the first stages of Middle Ages of Ganja, are differing from
the ceramic samples of Antique period in two features:
1) On shape. 2) For
preparing techniques.
Potter's products of the Early Middle Ages of
Ganja and its regions for their technical characteristic are divided into 2
major groups: Glazed ceramic products and unglazed ceramic products.
For Middle Ages and
New period among pottery products of Ganja ceramic samples as clay construction materials have great importance.
First of all, glazed bricks that used in construction of most buildings in the
XVII-XVIII centuries, and also in great monuments and the main construction
material- air-dried bricks, attracted attention.
In addition to the
found samples in residential areas as a result of archaeological excavations,
also were found a lot of brick spoilages. According to such kind mass finding
of brick spoilages, we can make the conclusion, that the bricks used in construction
of buildings in Ganja, were wares of local production [8].
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