Historical sciences / 4. Ethnography
Hasanov
Elnur Latif oglu
Post-graduate,
scholar
Ganja
regional scientific center of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Ganja,
(Azerbaijan)
Key words: Azerbaijan,
Ganja, traditional handicraft branches, XX century
Some typical characteristics of traditional handicraft branches of Ganja
during the first half of XX century
Ganja city is one of the oldest cities of the World and has
more than 3000 years old as an urban center.
During many centuries
in this ancient cultural center have been developed different branches of
traditional craft of our nation [4-8]. Ethnographic exploration of problems and branches of
crafts very important, as a way of studying along with history and culture of
the people, years generated political-economical and relations of production.
Closely bundled to an economy and a daily life of the people, craft employment
were one of the basic carriers of national traditions. Each area of Azerbaijan
possesses characteristic environmental resource bases for it, and it promoted
development of various crafts. Thus, a number of employments in Ganja, during
the period since 19 centuries to the middle of 20 centuries, differed from
crafts of other areas of the country [7].
It were first of
all the trades bundled to a spreading of a city and population grown have
increased demand for craft products. Under such circumstances the handicraft
work could not keep the natural character. Already in a number of branches
finished articles have been exposed on a market. The increase in quantity of
handicraftsmen in a city directly has been bundled to population growth [3-9].
The competition of
production of production plants and factories has not reached still serious
level and consequently was created a favorable condition for spreading of
traditional occupations there. In addition, products of these craft branches
have been closely bundled to a life and traditions of the people, and it would
be difficult to replace with their factory production. In the specified period
of history in Ganja developed basically carpet weaving, weaver`s business, craft of the tailor,
squeeze men, forge and a jewellery, trades of dyer, the stone mason, the cooper
and leather dresser, weapon business and other similar craft branches. Among
these crafts especially developed carpet weaving
To so wide
development of carpet weaving promoted availability of raw materials. In addition
carpets were very widely used in a population life- both as furniture, and as a
curtain, both as sand bed and as a coating for a floor. In carpet weaving have
been held basically women. It has been bundled by that in a Muslim society of
the woman preferred to work in house conditions. However also are knowing cases
when men were occupied with this craft. Tailors and hatters created both
national clothes, and clothes in style of the European fashion. According to
the spent explorations there are exact data on wide development of a jewellery
in Ganja in the end of 19 centuries – in a beginning of 20 centuries. Jewelers
basically fabricated ornaments to order. Among them there was a specification.
Jobs of skilful masters amazed even foreigners
Development of
trading and economic relations of Ganja with the next states promoted recognition
of local jewels abroad. As an example it is served by unique samples handmade
the Azerbaijan jewelers, stored in museums of St.-Petersburg, France and
Georgia. On a ground classifying crafts it has been defined that by the end of
19 centuries a number of fashionable trades began to disappear. Among them were
– wool-carder, hatcheller, selsbchy, dhulfachy, carriers. They have got rid of
and have been replaced by representatives of new crafts. Distribution of
experts of certain crafts on quarters and neighboring communes was prominent of
crafts. For example, it is possible to recollect. In these neighboring communes
functioned craft departments [1-5].
Internal conditions of craft department
reflected a sort of employment of his owner. In these departments worked the
master and his pupils. In a life of the population of Ganja the role of craft
products was great These products were widely used inhabitants of Ganja they
decorated conditions of living rooms, with them filled up a dowry of brides.
The dresses created in local departments, suits and caps were an integral part
of an attire of town-dwellers. In comparison with villages though the national
clothes in 20 century began to supersede them gradually. It also has been
bundled to accruing arrival to Ganja representatives of other nationalities.
Therefore, changes in clothes were more marked. Only female ornaments as an
attire constituent part left the national feature. At this time there were
fashionable ornaments on a breast, hands, set pins and on clothes [4].
Its hereditary transfer to descendants was one more feature
of craft business in Ganja. Hereditary jewelers, weavers, manufacturers of
carpets, cobblers, potters and stone borer were especially allocated [5-7].
Studying of craft problems actually and in the modern world
in sense of the decision of professional problems. From the investigated
national employment carpet weaving, the jewellery, a stone dressing and
strenuously develop on the basis of ancient traditions already dying out
ancient trades, such as a pottery and an art embroidery.
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Ãóëèøàìáàðîâ Ñ. Îáçîð ôàáðèê è çàâîäîâ Çàêàâêàçñêîãî
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