Сельское хозяйство/3. Земледелие, грунтоведение и агрохимия

Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Shilov M.P., 2nd year student of ABF Bucarbaev A.O.

RSE «Kostanai State University named after A.Baitursynov», Kazakhstan

BIOENERGETIC EVALUATION OF FALLOWING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE STEPPE ZONE OF NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN.

To optimize field rotations in dry conditions, along with the economic evaluation, it is recommended to use the calculations of energy efficiency [1, 2]. This approach allows us to more objectively evaluate the technologies and systems for background conjuncture pricing policy.

In this regard, on the southern humus of Northern Kazakhstan was carried fuel and energy characteristic of pure and busy fallow. In the first half of the summer vapors were prepared by a single scheme: surface cultivation, phosphorus fertilization, seeding the rocker plants. Later on, in a busy vapor the pea-oat mixture is sown with the cleaning and transportation of green mass (160 q/ha) and the introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer when planting spring wheat (N₃₀P₂₀). Calculations were performed using compiled technological maps and relevant zonal procedures [3, 4].

Studies have shown that the technology of busy vapor is more efficient way of arable land using, although accompanied by a significant investment of additional production resources (Table 1).

Table 1

Consumption structure of total energy depending on the method of the fallow field, average on options

Costs articles	Clean vapor		Busy vapor
	MJ/ha	%	MJ/ha	%
1 Machinery and equipment	996,10	17,1	3125,17	16,4
2 Living labor,* total    including mechanics	195,29 130,03	3,4 2,2	554,01 369,43	2,9 1,9
3 Fuel**	3571,53	61,4	6916,85	36,4
4 Seeds, total    including pea-oat mixture	42,30 -	0,7 -	4972,68 4930,38	26,1 25,9
5 Electricity	0,002	0,00	0,27	0,00
6 Fertilizers	1008,7	17,4	3454,95	18,2
Total:	5813,92	100,0	19023,92	100,0

* Labor costs amounted to: clean fallow - 4,28, on busy – 12,02 person per hour

** POL consumption amounted to respectively 44,93 and 87,01 kg/ha

In contrast with clean fallow, total costs of total energy are increased more than 3 times, from 5183,92 to 19023,93 MJ/ha. Herewith the growth in energy use is common to all similar articles of consumption. Thus, consumption of fuel and lubricants increased by 1.9 times and amounted to 87.01 vs 44.93 kg/ha, respectively, 6916.85 and 3571.53MJ. At the same time increased the complexity of the process and costs of labor resources has reached the 12.02 instead of 4.28 h/h, and the embedding energy of living labor increased from 195.29 to 554.0 MJ/ha. In connection with the cultivation of pea seed oats mixture energy increases the overall energy at 4930.38 MJ/ha and in their structure occupies 25.9%. Additional use of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers increases the energy intensity of this article to 3454.95 MJ/ha. Researched technology requires greater use of mechanization. Therefore, the cost of machinery and equipment increased 3.1 times and reached the value 3125.17 MJ / ha.

In general, with the overall growth of total energy relative content of individual articles remains practically unchanged (cars, living labor, fertilizer), and even some decreases (fuel).

Significant differences between the technologies fallow observed in the structure of operating costs (Table 2).

Table 2

The structure of the total operating costs of energy depending on the technology of fallow, average on options

Technological operations	Clean fallow		Busy fallow
	MJ/ha	%	MJ/ha	%
1 Snow retention	911,39	19,1	911,39	8,6
2 Tillage, total including the main	3066,98 1169.11	64,4 24,6	2681,21 1169,11	25,3 11,0
3 Preparation and fertilizing, total including the introduction	638,38 563,48	13,4 11,8	693,04 563,48*	6,5 5,3
4 Preparation of seeds and sowing, total including seeding	- -	- -	578,66 527,65	5,5 5,0
5 Sowing the rocker plants	145,72	3,1	145,72	1,4
6 Harvesting	-	-	2281,79	21,5
7 Harvest transportation	-	-	3304,85	31,2
Total:	4762,47	100,0	10596,66	100,0

* dose of N₃₀P₂₀ was introduced at the first sowing of wheat.

So, when preparing pure fallow, latter share of the total energy reaches 81.9% or 4762.47 MJ/ha. The specific weight of materialized energy is insignificant (18.1%) and mainly represented by phosphate fertilizers (96.1 %). In a busy fallow this ratio changes and becomes 55.7:44.3 %. Portion of materialized energy increases due to the energy of pea-oats seed mixture (58.5) and fertilizers (41.0). Magnitude of operational energy is 10596.66 MJ/ha, which is 2.2 times more than clean fallow.

In preparation of clean fallow the most energy-intensive operation is a tillage operation, which accounted for 64.4% (3066.98 MJ) total energy consumption, including 24.6% (1169.11 MJ) on the principal. In a busy fallow, absolute energy consumption of last, remains at the same level, reducing the number of small cultivations causes reduction of energy intensity of operations to 2681.21 MJ. Preparation of seeds and sowing pea-oat mixture does not require a large input of energy, its value is only 578.66 MJ or 5.5 %. At the same time, cleaning and transportation of green mass is the most energy-intensive operation. On its implementation 46.8 % of the total fuel consumption is spent, it is spent 45.6% of all labor force, and 52.7% of operational costs.

However, despite the high energy intensity of proposed technology, energy balance of busy fallow looks more preferable. The energy content of the crops of pea-oat mixture is much higher than the total cost of its production, respectively 56492.23 and 19023.92 MJ/ha. On the average within 5 years of research free energy output reached value of 37468.41 MJ/ha, and the energy efficiency ratio was 2.97. This means that the costs invested in preparation of busy fallow repaid during the year of fallow work. During this same period, the energy efficiency of clean fallow is zero and the return costs incurred postponed to next year.

Thus, the technology busy fallow has expanded reproduction of energy and creates a positive energy balance is directly in the fallow year.

Literature

1.Listopadov, I.N. Productivity and energy efficiency of crop rotations /I.N. Listopadov, S.A. Didenko. //Agriculture. - 2006. - № 5. - page 8- 10.

2 Terent'ev, O.V. Agro-ecological and economic-power bases of field rotations optimization in the Middle Zavolzh'ye. /O.V. Terent'ev: Synopsis. of Dr. Of Agricultural Sciences. - Kinel . - 2007. - page 46.

3 Vasko, I.A. Bioenergy assessment of cropping technology: Method. Recombination. /IA. Vasko, G.Lisenovich, TA Rau and others - Shortandy. - 1995. page 57.

4 Nekludov, A.F. Bioenergy assessment of crop rotation: Method. Recombination. /A.F. Nekludov, V.D. Kinshakova, O.V. Kopeikin. Novosibirsk . - 1993 . - page 42.