Interaction of bilingualism and interference

Nurseitova A.K., associate professor of the Kostanai state university, named after A.Baitursynov

Linguists always paid attention to the linguistic aspect of bilingualism’ research, to which belongs ratio of structures and structural elements of two languages, their interaction and interpenetration through phonetic (phonological) and syntactic levels of language.

Interference – is imposition of multilevel elements of one language on another, which is due to bilingualism (multilingualism).

Interference is mentioned in connection with language contact. This fact was described by many foreign and native linguists (1, 263; 2, 61-80; 3, 182; 4, 321-333; 5,685; 6, 157-163).

The term of “language interference” was introduced by Prague school (7,33). In whole Prague linguistic school’s scientists determine interference as the process of deviation from the norms of contacting languages (7,29; 5,60; 1,61-80). However, some scientists of this school specify and supplement the concept.

U.Vainraih suggests to call interference the cases of deviation from the norms of any language, which is due to the knowledge of two or more languages, that is to say, due to the language contact (7,22). Besides, U.Vainraih distinguishes the interference in language and the interference in speech.

According to E.Haugen, interference is – “a case of deviation from the language norms, which arises in the speech of a bilingual speaker as a result of acquaintance with other languages”. However, the scientist specifies, that interference is not always deviation from the language norms, as it could come deviant from the primary language. That is why exactly determine interference, - he writes, - is possible only in case if we take as the original baseline such language condition, which came before bilingual establishment” (1).

The Russian scientists accept the opinion of their predecessors in basic features. So, A.Klimov, following U.Vainraih, believes, that interference is the result of imposition of two systems in the process of speech (8, 287). N.B.Mechkovskaya calls interference as mistakes in foreign language speech, which are due to the influence of the native language’s system (9;368).

Interference, for example, may manifest itself as a foreign language accent in the speech of a person who knows two languages. That is interference is closely connected with bilingualism.

Interference manifests also in the accent of Kazakh people’s Russian speech as on the level of sound, word pronunciation, so on the level of sentences. Accent is understood as the system of deviation from the regularity of pronunciation in the field of sounds, words and sentences.

The deviation from the field of sounds can be related to the absence of the same sounds in native Kazakh words, for example, “в”, “ф”, “э” or difference of acoustic –articulatory characteristics of Kazakh and Russian sounds, such as “ы”, “ш”, “ж”. Formulating them, it is necessary to pay attention to the notable moments of articulation: the work of the tip of the tongue, lips and teeth.

Deviation from the pronunciation of the Russian words is due to the different rhythmic organization of the Kazakh and Russian words. In the Kazakh language vowel harmony defines comparative equability of the syllable pronunciation and accordingly weak expression of the word emphasis. Under the influence of it Kazakhs speaking Russian do not always have a right pronunciation of the atonic syllables, which is complicated by the peculiarity of the Russian language, such as changing from the front articulation to the back one, and visa versa within one word, and also by the different word emphasis in Russian.

Deviation from the pronunciation of sentences in Russian is connected to the peculiarity of distinctive opportunities and phonetic structure in the Kazakh and Russian intonation. This reveals first of all when expressing differences of purpose of statements, when specifying semantic relations in complex conjunctive sentences and asyndetic combinations, when a word is semantically selected.

Thus, only thorough investigation of the phonetic characteristics of the Kazakh language can let us understand the reasons of Kazakh’s accent speaking Russian and find the effective ways of solving them.

Used literature:

1. Эйнар Хауген .Языковой контакт // Новое в лингвистике, Москва, 1992, вып.6, С.67.

2. Бондалетов В.Д. Социальная лингвистика,Москва, 1997, С.409.

3. Щерба Л.В. Избранные работы по языкознанию и фонетике, Ленинград, 2008, С.182.

4. Петрович Э. Унаследованное и приобретенное под иноязычным влиянием в фонетическом и фонологическом развитии румынского языка // Новое в лингвистике, Москва, 2002, С.321-333.

5. Виноградов В.А.Интерференция // Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь // Под ред. В.Н.Ярцева, Москва, 1990, С.234.

6. Бужаровска Е. Лексичката интерференцииа на балканските иазици во македонската и грчката паралела на данииловиот “Четирииазичник” // Иазиците на почвата на Македонииа, Скопие, 1996, С.157-163.

7. Вайнрайх У. Одноязычие и многоязычие// Новое в лингвистике, Москва, 1992, 134 с.

8. Климов А.В. Интерференция, Москва,2000, С.287.

9. Мечковская Н.Б., Языковой контакт // Общее языкознание,Минск, 1983, С.368.