Nazarbekoba Z.M.

A. Baitursynov Kostanai State University, Kazakhstan

The concept of power and its structure.

The power is one of the fundamental beginnings of human society. This relation between people (the states, the nations, classes, social groups and individuals) are concerning domination and submission. The power exists everywhere where there are steady associations of people: in a family, work collectives, different organizations and establishments, in all state. In the latter case we deal with the Supreme, political power. The major factors of the imperious relations in society are:

· presence of the subject and object of the power, as which individuals, and also "collectively character" (parties, the organizations, councils, etc.) can act

· the will of the carrying out the power, focused on it, in relation to whom it is carried out that is accompanied by threat of application of sanctions in case of its nonfulfilment by object of the power

· submission over whom the power is carried out, to the one who carries out it, i.e. submission of object of the power to the will of its subject.

The basic elements of the power are its subject, object, and also means (resources). The subject and object are direct carriers, agents of the power. The subject (author) embodies the active, directing beginning of the power. It can be the certain person, the organization, community of people, for example the people, or even the world community united in the UNO.

For the emergence of the imperious relations it is necessary that the subject possessed a number of qualities. First of all, it is the desire to dominate, the will to the power, being shown at orders or decrees. The majority of people doesn't feel psychological pleasure from possession of the power. The power isn't the value for them. Many would in general prefer to evade from senior positions and the related with it responsibility if the power didn't open ample opportunities for the receiving the different benefits: high income, prestige, favorable communications, privileges, etc. For them the aspiration to the power has tool character, i.e. serves as means of achievement of other purposes.

Besides desire to direct and readiness to assume responsibility subject of the power has to be competent, know the main point, a condition and mood of subordinates, to be able to use resources, to possess authority. For the political power the extreme importance has organization of the subject. Certainly, real carriers of the power are allocated with all these qualities in different degree.

The power never is the property or the relation of only one character (body), of course, if you don`t mean the power of the person over by itself, assuming submission of his behavior to arguments of reason, as though a split personality. But it is already psychological, not a social phenomenon.

The borders of the relation of object to the subject of dominion stretch from fierce resistance, fight for destruction (in this case the power is absent) before voluntary obedience perceived with pleasure. In principle submission is the same naturally inherent in human society, as and the management. The readiness for submission depends on a number of factors: from own qualities of object of dominion, from character of demands made to it, from a situation and levers which the subject has, and also from perception of the head by the executors, existence or absence of authority at it. The qualities of object of political dominion are defined first of all by political culture of the population. The prevalence in the company of the people, who have got used only implicitly to obey, thirsting "a firm hand", is a favorable nutrient medium of despotic regimes.

The motivation of submission is rather difficult. It can be based on fear before sanctions; on a long habit to obedience; on interest in implementation of orders; on conviction in need of submission; on the authority caused by the head in subordinates; on object identification with the subject of the power.

All these motives significantly influence on the power force, i.e. ability of its subject to influence on object. The high force of influence and probability of submission distinguish the power from influence wider, than the power, the category characterizing both imperious, and weaker and less effective impact of the subject on object.

The most important social reason of submission of one people for another is uneven distribution of resources of the power. This term is used both in wide, and in narrow values. In a broad sense the resources of the power represent "all that the individual or group can use for influence on others"

Therefore narrower treatment of resources, their understanding is more preferable to the studying of the power and its structure as all those means, the use of which provides influence of the subject on object of the power. The resources can be applied to encouragement, punishment or belief. In the course of their realization by the subject they can be transformed to the power, which represents ability to turn certain resources into steady influence within system of the interconnected agents. The resources sometimes identify with the power bases though more often to such bases the agents of the power are carried — its subject and object.

For allocation of different types of the power classification of its resources is widespread according to the most important spheres of activity — on economic, social, cultural and information, compulsory (power). The economic resources — it is the material values necessary for social and personal production and consumption, money as their universal equivalent, fertile lands, minerals and others. The social resources are ability of increase or fall of the social status or a rank, a place in social stratification. They partially coincide with economic resources.

The cultural and information resources are knowledge and information, and also means of their receiving and distribution: institutes of science and education, mass media, etc

Compulsory (power) resources are this weapon, institutes of physical coercion and people specially prepared for this purpose

The specific resource of the power is the person — the demographic resources. The people are a universal, multipurpose resource, which makes other resources.