Nazarbekoba Z.M.
A. Baitursynov Kostanai State University, Kazakhstan
Structure, functions, types of the political system.
.
The political system is a set of
the government, party and public bodies and the organizations participating in
political life of the country. It is the difficult formation providing
existence of society as a uniform organism, centrally operated by the political
power. Depending on time and a place the concept of the political system has
the various contents as the importance of components of political system
changes according to type of a political regime. Besides, the political system
defines as interactions by means of which in society material and cultural
wealth is authoritatively distributed.
The
system approach in political science was applied for the first time by D.
Easton. It divided the main components of the model into "entering"
factors (the requirement and support) and "proceeding", connected
with the first by feedback. He divides the requirements on external,
going from the environment, and internal,
going from the system. The requirements are only "an initial
material" of which the final product called as decisions is formed. Other type of entering impulses is the support. It acts in different forms:
material, military service, observance of laws and government directives,
respect for the state symbolics.
The
structure of the political system consists of institutional, standard,
functional and communicative subsystems. The institutional subsystem is the
state, political parties, social and political movements, labor unions, the
organizations, church, mass media. The standard subsystem includes rules of law, political traditions, political
morals and ethics. The functional subsystem is the forms and the direction of
political activity, ways and methods of implementation of the power (political
regime). The communicative system
represent: political culture, political consciousness (ideology and political
psychology) and political relations.
First
of all the political system carries out the supreme power which decisions are
obligatory for all society. The concept of the power is the main characteristic
of the political system in difference, for example, from the economic system
for which the main is a concept of property.
The
main functions of the political system are the following:
1.
Definition of the purposes and problems of society, development of programs of
activity according to interests of citizens of the country.
2.
Mobilization of resources and the organization of activity of society for
implementation of its purposes and tasks.
3.
Strengthening of the unity of society.
4.
Distribution of values according to interests of all society and separate
social groups, the nations, each person.
5.
Settlement of the conflicts.
The types of political systems are defined by
intrinsic methods of their organization and functioning, in many respects
depend on character of the political power and a political regime of society.
The typology of political systems of society can be made on the basis of use of
different criteria. So, if to take formational, class (Marxist) approach for
base, it is possible to allocate slaveholding, feudal, "Asian" (the
despotic government and communal property), bourgeois and state and socialist
political systems. From the point of view of evolution it is expedient to
allocate the traditional and modernized systems, taking into account historical
features of development of politics and parties – the English-American, the
European-continental, and the developing states. The typology of political
systems is most widespread on character of the power and the principles of the
organization of political life of society. By these criteria it is possible to
allocate three main types of political systems: democratic, authoritative and
totalitarian, and also transitional between them. The democratic type of
political system is characterized: broad involvement in politics of people,
ensuring their rights and freedoms, a high standard of living, a basic role of
the developed middle class; role in implementation of the power of a wide range
of persons and power institutes; competitive form of political role and
multi-party form of government; parliamentary method of expression of will of
the people, selectivity and accountability of legislature of the power from top
to bottom
The authoritative type of political system is
characterized: concentration of all political power in the uniform center of
adoption of political decisions; the greatest expansion of competence of executive
power; limited by the political role of non-governmental parties and movements,
and also the cut-down imperious opportunities of subordinate bodies;
uncontrollable application of the power and firm control of behavior of all
segments of the population; firm realization of the nomenclature principle.
The totalitarian type of political system
characterizes: supercentralization of the power and establishment of
totalitarian authoritative board of one favourite or very narrow circle of
people (junta); the mechanism of power structures on one-party base led by the
individual favourite, firm hierarchical subordination and severe discipline;
submission of all political institutes and power structures to ruling party and
to its favourite; totalitarian regulation from one center of all economic life,
elimination of all forms of pluralism, opposition and some autonomies in power
system, intervention in private life of people; imposing to society of the one
and only official ideology. oppression of some manifestations of dissent and
criticism of the management, complete party and political control and the most
severe censorship in mass media; socio-political demagogy, eagerness to a
spiritual brainwashing of the population, its belief in unity of a regime and
society, ruling elite and masses, party and the people.
The formation, functioning and evolution of political
systems of various types, transition from one type to another, and their
interaction with an environment (or with milieu) become as political process.
And the features of this process demand the concrete analysis of a condition of
the real political systems, political regimes, forms of political management
and political role.