Бекжигитова З.С., Жилкибакова Д.Н., Жексекина А.А.

Карагандинский государственный университет им. Е.А. Букетова

Motivational aspects of modern tourism

The article describes tourism as a social phenomenon, reveals its role in public life and individual. In-depth analysis is the need-motivational component of tourist activity: a classification of needs is presented that can be met in the process of travelling: a variety of motives, and combinations thereof, are described that impel a man to engage in tourism.

Tourism has long played a major role in the development of society. It can be attributed to the human activity whose history begins with the origin and development of civilization. In each historical epoch there are elements of the human activity that somehow come under the category of tourism.

For many people, there is a need to see new areas and countries, to get acquainted with the life and customs of the peoples. All this was the cause of a particular form of travel - tourism. Tourism has long become a necessity and an integral part of human life. Sooner or later, one feels the need to travel. Human desire to experience diversity acquires clear outline when he comes to the decision to spend free time away from home, hoping to relieve nervous tension and fatigue with the help of changing places. People's interest in tourism is growing every year. According to WTO statistics over the past decade there is a steady growth of international tourism. At this stage in the world all kinds of tourism are developing, no exception and youth. Young people between 18 and 30 years are the most active tourists, because at this age the need for travelling is very high. The man begins to realize a life plan; he is full of strength and energy, desire to implement the goals and ideals. In youth, the most complex professional activities are available, the most complete and intensive communication takes place; it is easy to establish and develop relations of friendship and love. Thus, we can say that youth is the most motivated category of people involved in tourism.

What guides a man in the choice of travel, places of tourist destination, the nature of the activities during the trip? One of the key moments for answering these questions is the motivation of the trip. The concept of "motivation" can be considered in two ways: as denoting a system of factors determining the behavior (which includes needs, motives, goals, intentions, aspiration, and many others), and as a characteristic of a process that encourages and supports behavioral activity at a certain level. Motivation, thus, can be defined as a set of psychological reasons that explain human behavior, its origin, focus and activity.

Tourism motivation can be defined as a set of human aspirations aimed at meeting recreational needs.

They can manifest itself in different ways depending on the individual physiological and psychological characteristics, belief systems, values, aptitudes, education. In the world there are more than 300 species and subspecies of travel, which are constantly updated with new varieties able to satisfy the most diverse desires and needs of tourists. Tourist trip is based on motivation, which is one of the most important factors of making a decision about the journey, the choice of the tourist product and its components. Motives guiding tourist, a lot, and a tourist always present a whole range of incentive motives, of which only some may have a significant importance and influence on the mechanism and the result of the final decision.

However, any motive in a particular situation and under the influence of certain circumstances can influence the behavior of tourists in the decision-making process of the journey and the choice of tourism products. Often tourist program changes under the influence of not basic but side motives. Not all tourist motives can be clearly defined and determined, but they can be systematized. Objectives ultimately determined by the needs that can be met during the trip. The demand on a psychological level appears as the reason for people to travel.

Conditionally demands can be divided into material, social, emotional, psychological and spiritual. Naturally, it is impossible to draw clear boundaries between them, but it allows building a certain classification of needs and their respective motives that make people start out.

Meet of material needs is manifested primarily in a variety of business trips. Modern tourism industry provides people with an opportunity to make shopping and business trips, to take part in conferences and congresses, to visit the thematic industrial and agricultural exhibitions, where contracts, business and trade agreements conclude. At present, we can say that formed a special culture - business tourism with its own traditions, protocol, specifics of business meetings' organization and so forth. Travel agencies are making great efforts to engage in customer service in this category, as it is considered very prestigious and brings significant income. [1, p. 118]

To meet the needs of this category can be attributed a health care. In this area, tourism has a very long and rich tradition. Currently, it is one of the most developed and profitable sectors of the tourism industry. In addition to traditional travel to resorts, to meet this need, there are also exotic tours, for example, for those who want to quit smoking.

Group of social needs, that can be met while traveling, is quite broad. These are needs related with recreation, leisure and entertainment, knowledge, self-realization and self-affirmation, communication, etc.

Leisure while travelling among the majority of people is associated with the ability to reduce stress, to change the atmosphere, to stay in new role, to get for a certain period of time a high level of service and care. Entertainment in travel is mainly related to getting pleasure from unusual sensations that bring a variety of attractions, including the extreme nature (ex. safari), gambling, romantic adventure.

Travelling with educational purposes equally has as long and rich history, as travelling with wellness purposes. Currently widespread tours related to the study of foreign languages and conversational practice; tours, during which people learn different kinds of sport, etc. Often in such journeys people pursue not specific educational, but rather informative purposes: they are interested in getting acquainted with different culture, a way of life of other people, their lifestyle; compare another way of life with its own in order to self-assertion or in order to borrow innovations. Travel plays a great role and in scientific knowledge of the world. To this end people go to far and long lasting scientific expeditions, which fundamentally differ both in form and in way of organization from educational and informative and entertaining journeys.

The need for self-expression and self-affirmation also finds its satisfaction on a journey. People tend to take part in a variety of travels where is great element of risk. Forms of travel are very diverse: it is tourist trips of high categories, climbing, hunting, expeditions in remote and uninhabited areas of the Earth. In national culture so-called "independent tourism" is widely spread when the journey is prepared and carried out by the participants, and the leader is a person who has the greatest travel experience. Despite the lack of professional training, the domestic amateur tourists often reached high and even outstanding results in various types of tourism: mountain, water, walking, caving, and skiing.

Meet of spiritual needs is embodied in a special form of tourism - pilgrimage. They are made by thousands of believers for strengthening faith and spiritual cultivation.

Let us now consider some of the social factors that influence the incentives and the choice of a particular type of travel. Most people imagine tourism as a pleasure, active or passive recreation, leisure and entertainment. However, each person imagine tourism enough individually, depending on age, education, life experience, marital status, income and other factors.

Age has a significant impact on the motivation of travel choice. For example, young people (students up to 25 years). Usually they choose travels, where they could meet the informative and educational interests and needs; they also tend to self-reliance and self-expression. Therefore, they tend to be active kinds of trips, individual or backpackers. For them, the most important are communicative component of travel, lively bright dialogues, as well as adventures that leave bright unforgettable experience. [2, p. 165]

Level of education and social status are also factors that influence the formation of motives that stimulate people to travel. In the second half of the XX century in the Soviet Union during the development of amateur and planned tourism a significant portion of travelers were people with a fairly high level of education (students, intellectuals, officials). To some extent, this phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the propensity to travel occurs in people with a high level of cognitive needs, as well as the development of emotional and aesthetic sphere. In addition, the urge to travel is more typical of people living in cities. On the one hand, urban life creates a craving for nature, which leads to the choice of urban residents travel in the wild, and on the other - high educational level of the urban population generates the desire to travel, able to meet the educational-cognitive and aesthetic needs. [3, p. 239]

A certain role in the choice of types of travel, their content and direction, as well as related travel services plays a social position and status of the person. In every social stratum in the subculture, inherent to this layer, develops a certain attitude to traveling as a kind of activity and determines a prestigious of area, level of service, ways and means of transportation and so on. If for a student hitchhiking trips, not quite comfortable rest on the sea or amateur hike in the mountains are perfectly acceptable and socially approved, then this type of tourist activity does not quite fit for a successful businessman. In today's world travel in a variety of its manifestations, and services providing meet the diverse needs of the person associated with the journey, became a powerful socializing factor. Therefore, the analysis of this phenomenon from any position, including the standpoint of motivation, will allow deeply realize its social value and more appropriate to use for the benefit of the individual and society.

References:

1. Valedinskaya, E. (2011). The formation of the tourism market as a factor of sustainable development of the economy. Risk.

2. Kvartalnov, V.A. (2002). Tourism management: Tourism as an activity.

3. Kochenuyk, T.M. (2007). Motivational aspects of modern tourism. News PGPU the Belinsky, V.G.