Indira Sagindikovna Sultaniyazova

PhD doctoral candidate

Kazakh national pedagogical university named after Abay

 

NEW WAYS OF ANTONYMY THEORY IN KAZAKH LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE

 

Nowadays the scientific searches in language sphere are changing from structural ways to more usable way. The problem of antonymy also started to be studied in common language research in conversational, usable direction. That is why, the searching subject of it is also wide.

In Kazakh language antonymy theory large work takes the labors of Zh.Musin, he first see the antonym as searching object, he built the dictionary of antonym, all categories of language (lexics, word building, Morphology, phraseology, stylistic) he search antonymic relations. A.K. Zhumabekova search the oppositional compare direction in Kazakh language, on the basis of Kazakh and Russian languages’ antonymic opposition side, M.G. Nurberdiev research on Arabic and Kazakh languages in the sphere of structural contrast. Zh. K. Adilbekova takes the action of oppositional beauty developing side, A.E. Zhusupov describe the oppositional connectors as nice passage.

The oppositional synonomy, polisimy with relation G.K. Rezuanova, G.H. Sirlibayeva found new theory of phraseological antonyms.

The main way of using antonyms is to use literary texts on scientis’s searching works.

We want to talk about research work on antonym of following scientists.

 A.K. Zhumabekova on her works founds relationship in Kazakh and Russian languages, as they divided logic and language, as “logical antonym” and “language antonym”.

 She is on that opinion “that semantic of antonyms circle not fit another huge amount of meanings is scientific define and need to describe [2, 142] __________________ told on language antonym is differ from logical antonym, it is in human understanding are real things and actions difference shows on language antonym through opposite identified.

Scientist separates antonym to common features, visual and context oppositional relation type describe. A.K. Zhumabekova writes “Antonymy is lexical objects semantic relation, which has opposite meaning to each other” – gave this description, antonomy – universal category for all languages” [2, 146 ]

A.K. Zhumabekova notes that opposition having national famous characteristic, also describes people life, it is difference at each language not using as opposite in another language.

In A.K. Zhumabekova’s “Kazakh language antonyms dictionary” giving systematical definition to Kazakh language antonyms , also shows other system categories. In her book giving antonym to each meaning of the meaningful word, finding exact meaning to the words on synonym row, also antonymic pair forming objects antonym together is author’s aim. Every antonymic pair member is literary essay and people literature taking from examples.

A.K. Zhumabekova’s antonymical dictionary is a new attached to knowledge of Kazakh language, she defines new way of the antonymy researches to the work antonym dictionary written by Zh.Musin.

G.K. Rezuanova “To find out antonym, you must understand the word meaning, for that case also you must know what meaning gives in sentence, in context’’ this idea we are also agree [4. 114]

Scientist opinion is antonomy’s multisignificant phenomenon joining, the context meaning of the words, using in changing meaning, its expressive style, synonym meaning contacts with other events.

Scientist consider that antonomy and polisemy phenomenons inwardly meets with each other, also very closely relation [4. 113]

Her opinion on multisignificant words with its lexical – symantic variants at once possible enter to many antonomyc row. For this idea below example can be

                                      mata           katty (Cotton strict)

zhumsak (Mild)            shash          kairatty (Hair strong)

                                      nan             tygyz, katynky, kebinki (Bread hard,

                                                          tough, dry)

                                      dauys          ashy, doreki (Voice, bitter, impudent)

                                      kozkaras      otkir (Opinion , sharp)

A.E. Zhusipova seperates antonyms shows objective opposites and pragmatic contrast(opposite). Objective opposite inwardly divides concrete and comparative, “the second has changeable, comparative function" [5; 130]

Scientist said that opposite and synonyms  connects structural and radial way, and in connection radial way antonyms can change the synonyms in pair.

And to structural connection mainly basic antonyms fell.

In scientific works multi-significant words all or some meanings put oppositional,  some words just in changeable  meaning will be antonym, inwardly to oppositions he widely stop.

Scientist resorts to anontosemy types, nominative anantosemy are unproductive, emotional – estimator anantosemy productive, to that conclusion  she came. There  “opposites develop, quantitative opposite transfer to qualitative opposites”. [5.131]

G.T. Sirlibayeva antonymic function dialectal growth opposites struggle and unity connects with law [6.9]

She takes the philosophy research as a main control, “opposite” and “contrast” meanings links with each other, two types of category.

G.T. Sirlibayeva together with the opinions of Zh.Musin, make the next decision “contrast meaning don’t give a value to the things, but opposite meaning gives a value to the things” [6.13]

Scientist determines the difference and similarity between lexical and phraseological antonyms. She defines according to antonym-synonymic paradygma problems, as they have types like a single-row, two-row.

Zh.Adilbekova on her research work gives definitions to the meanings opposite and contrast

Opposite – makes internal differences of objects and things, sometimes useless to each other, also connects to each other as a philosophy category.

Contrast – did not recognize the equality, makes the events developing of news instead of old. She stresses the next types of internal and external contrast of truth.

Negative opposites denying all events of truth world, the next side stand opposite with “anti”.

Conditional opposites – informs opposite meanings of truth world in definite conditional relations, also in forms “if”, “otherwise”, “but” – makes the whole idea as the first object, the second using as opposite meaning of conditional contrast.

Contrast opposites – changed, differ from another side of things or events, through making opposite meaning is another variant of contrast concept. [7. 13]

Opposite and meanings standing as opposites, sorts the meanings Zh.K. Adilbekova offers to divide the contrasts as one-dimensional and many dimensional types. She thinks, one dimensional opposite like a language antonyms, to many dimensional opposites belongs contextual antonyms.

Zh. K. Adilbekova search opposite meanings in simple sentences, she came to the conclusion oppositional complex sentence has itself a meaningful simple sentence.

M.G. Nurberdiev on his research work prefers the phrase Contrastive, which can show all sides of opposites. Contrastives problems now has a wide events in linguistics also he show the contrastive cases as below.

 

                                                                       Contrastives

                                    

 Antonyms                                                 Anantionyms [8.23]

 

Some  (writers) put Anantionyms to the row of Omonimy, another groups of ________ think as one type of antonimy, so it has semantic components, you can not put them to the Anantiosemy, because omonims soundings part and external view like similar, but meanings part has now comment components, that’s why they are from meaning side are various, in Kazakh language the word “sun”/day kun (planet), kun is a time of the day, kun (to live – life ) give as example.

M.G.Nurberdiev said that antonimy and anantiosemy two kinds of event. Also the anantiosemy is transfer event between Polysemy and Omonimy, and he anylising given definition on his against for that opinions.

Scientist also agree with the opinion of A.Zhusipov, that divides as nominative and emotional – determining anantiosemy, he also conclude that nominative anantiosemy is not productive, and emotional – determining anantiosemy is productive.

Scientists’ opinions divided into two groups on problems one root antonyms in Kazakh language.

 Zh.Musin, Zh.Adilbekova, G.Sirlibayeva on their research works they came to conclusion that there is not one root antonym , A.Zhumabekova, A.Zhusipov like these scientists Zh.Musin on his dissertation work at first, between opposite meanings and antonyms (suly-kurgak(wet-dry), bak-sor (happy-misfortune), the second opposite meanings and words meaning negative categories (suly-susyz (wet-waterless), bakytty-bakytsyz (happy-unhappy) all opposites to the antonyms  there is direct connection, so bakytty-bakytsyz (happy-unhappy) words are in negative category (1,178).

A.Zhusipov on his research work : words bakytty-bakytsyz (happy-unhappy) we must consider as antonyms. This is correct, because suffix forming new word, they are in lexical - grammatical category group.

And couples as came- not come, gone-not gone, endings –ma, me, ba, be, pa, pe, they are different words making endings (5,21). But Zh.Adilbekova words with endings siz, coudin’t  be antonyms  to the words with endings  -ly, -di, -ti, these endings giving  just negative meanings.

G.T.Sirlibayeva naming the characteristics of antonyms as following way:

1) Opposite meanings in language connects with each other, couldn’t  live without each other. For example, ak-kara (white-black), zhaksy-zhaman (good-bad).

2) Antonymic couples can make useless each other, couldn’t give new value to the thing. For example, akyldy-akylsyz (clever- un clever) in this couple the word akylsyz (un clever) can make useless, the word akyldy (clever), also not giving new value to the human. Opposite  meaning to the word akyldy (clever), new character of the human is the word – akymak (stupid). That is why  akyldy-akymak (clever – stupid) are antonym words, akyldy-akylsyz (clever – un clever) positive – negatives.

3) Antonyms always using as opposites, sometimes can come nearest, also has character to connect.

 For example: zhamandy-zhaksyly omir suru (to live good- bad),istin bas-ayagy (beginning- end of the work). (6,13). These antonymic characters, taking these facts G. Sirlibayeva components from same words, but word various making endings - forming phraseologism- for that has not antonymic  characters. For the fact bakytty-bakytsyz (happy- unhappy). Taking phraseology couples as to light fortune the second words make useless the first one, not giving the value to the human (6,33).

A.Zhumabekova the meanings opposite bakytty-bakytsyz (happy- unhappy) put to the privative oppositional root member.

A.Zhumabekova researching antonyms also must research the sciences logician, philosophy, psychology, linguistics. Scientist taking  N. S. Trubetskoy’s oppositional method, divides antonyms in Kazakh language as gradual, privative, equivalentive. He said that “gradual antonymic oppositions members have special features” quality’s the most end level, they divided as symmetric gradual opposition and asymmetryc gradual opposition (3,16).

Feature-quality is on same distance from central member, through scheme can understand the symmetric gradual opposition’s developing scale

                       õ                (z)                 ү

                                                                                        

          kishi(small) ortanshy (central average) ulken (big)

 

Member of asymmetric gradual opposition concerning to element measuring scale situated various, you can confirm from various scales. From provided examples, we can stop for one not equal for the highest grade of feature-quality, this scale demonstrate it.

                   Õ                       (z)                ó              ү   

                                                                                                      [3, 17].

 

Author said, that it is impossible to have connection member between privative opposition members, for this row various root (bar-zhok(yes-no), oz-ozge(own-foreign) and root full (zhandy-zhansyz(live- lifeless), tanys-beitanys(familiar- foreign), these lexemes  are enter to that  group he said (3,20).

A.K. Zhumabekova said that there are associative contrast between equivalentive antonymic opposition, to this opposition group below word groups can enter:

1) Action, to show opposites of conditions, lexemes: kiru-shygu( enter-exist),kashu-kuu( run-catchup), kuanu-renshu(enjoy-angry), barys-kelis(go-come).

2) Lexical conversives: utu-utylu(win-lose), zhygu-zhygylu( defeat-lose).

3) Comfortable meanings shows these words: usti-asty(surface-bottom), on-sol(right-left),  argy-bergi (those-these).

4) Sexual, relation words(ake-sheshe(mother-father), kyz-bala(boy- girl), day time (kun-tun(day-night), social relations (myrza-kul(mister-beggar), components are opposite, they couldn’t separate from each other from meaning side (3,23).

G.Sirlibayeva taking/using antonymic opposition  of A.K. Zhumabekova’s separating the phraseological antonyms into three groups. Level (gradual)  phraseological antonyms according time dimension, age measurement and according to distance seldom connecting, also put measuring scale, the next scale provided.

Ph Ant1               Ph  average               Ph Ant

teenager            average age          grown up

     zhas ospirim <el ortasy zhaska kelu>kekse tartu                   

 

morning       day             evening         night

Ph Ant1    Ph  average    Ph Ant 3      Ph Ant 2

 


early morning    day time    evening    dark      

tan saride – tapa tal tus – kas karau – kordei karangy

To double member(privative)  opposition àk zhurek– kara zhurek (kind-cruel), akpa kulak-kuma kulak (stupid-smart) examples, equal-equivalent opposition karine minu-zhauy tarkau (angry-calm) examples (6,67).

M.Nurberdiev  on grouping contrastive in kazakh and arab languages through opposition method of N.S Trubedskoy continuing the comparing, they divided as gradual, privative and equivalent like  A.K. Zhumabekova and G.T. sirlibayeva. A.K. Zhumabekova said that gradual opposition is productive than equivalent opposition, in Russian languages context antonyms using more than in Kazakh language. M.Nurberdiyev  on researching result come that gradual opposition also productive, forms antonyms in Kazakh languages, privative opposition uses lower, equivalent oppositions are nonproductive.

A.K.Zhumabekova on her works taking specially context antonyms, usual antonymic opposition and context antonymic opposition differences showed correctly. Usual and context antonymic oppositions stylistic duties are: acroteza, amphiteza, diateza, alternateza, antimetabola, antiteza, oxymoron--- are stylic figures also stopped separately, giving concrete examples. A.Zhusupov also on his word said problems on stylic figures. He opposite meaning giving stylic figures levelled, actoteza, amphiteza, diateza, alternateza,antimetabola, oxymoron as to these types stop, gives the formula.

A.Zhusupov defines the difference oxymoron from epithet.

1)epithet form from one word, oxymoron inspite  from two words

2)epithet  shows  character of things or events, also defines the idea of one thing  to single (actually own), but oxymoron plus to these features, naturally determine opposites of object event (5,115).

And G.Sirlibayeva uses lexical antonyms in all style, phraseological antonyms uses in literary style and in journalism, in literary essay the style function of opposite phraseological units acroteza,alternateza,amphiteza, diathesis specifies as unity forms.

Zh. Adilbekova also on her works as a ranking forms takes examples amphiteza, alternateza, diathesis, oxymoron, antonomation, antiphrasis, enantisemy.

Scientific works discussed above sometimes links with idea of scientists, if sometimes opposite to each other, in independent times antonomy theory develop a new stage shows also researching in new directions.

 

REFERENCES:

 

1.                     Ìusin Zh. Kazak tilindegi antonym sozder. – filol.gyl.kand.dis…–Êokshetau, 1970.

2.                     Zhumabekova À.Ê. Oppozitivnyi analiz antonimicheskih edinic kazakskogo I ruskogo iazikov. – filol.gyl.kand.dis…–Àlmaty, 1995. – 161 p.

3.                     Zhumabekova À.Ê. Kazak tilinin antonimder sozdigi. -  Àlmaty: «Sozdik – Slovar» baspasy, 2000. – 184 p.

4.                      Rezuanova G.K. Kazak tilindegi kop maginaly sozderden zhasalgan sinonimdik, omonimdik, antonimdik katarlar. – filol.gyl.kand.dis…–  Àlmaty, 2000. – 251 p.

5.                     Zhusipov  À.Å. Kazirgi kazak tilindegi karama-karsylyktardin konnektorlary– filol.gyl.kand.dis…– Àstana, 2004. – 154 p.

6.                     Syrlybaeva G.Ò. Kazak tilindegi karsy mandi frazeologizmderdin paradigmalary. – filol.gyl.kand.dis…– Àlmaty, 2006. -  125 á.

7.                     Adilbekova Zh.K. Kazak tilindegi karama-karsylykty magynanyn korkem matindegi korkemdeuishtik kyzmeti. – filol.gyl.kand.dis…–    Àlmaty, 2007. – 140 p.

8.                     Nurberdiev Ì.G. Êîntrastivterdin tilaralyk balamalagy (kazak, arab tilderi) – filol.gyl.kand.dis…– Àlmaty, 2009. – 250 p.