Tulekova G. М., Poroshina E.

Social security as a basic condition of social work

Pavlodar State University named after S. Toraighyrov, Kazakhstan

One of the main research subjects in many scientific disciplines are different aspects of human security and human activity. It should also be noted that in psychology, the concept of A. Maslow, the notion of «safety» is regarded as one of the most important human needs. In ordinary consciousness the notions of security are faster at the level of sensations, sensual images than on the level of reflection.

The first interpretation of the term «security» can be found already in the philosophical and political thought of the ancient creators, for example in the philosophy of stoicism. Large big results of the understanding of the security issues presented in the works of the philosophers of the Enlightenment, as well as their predecessors and followers, in particular in the writings of W. L. Montesquieu, J. J. Rousseau [1].

As a product of political consciousness the concept of «security» appears in Western social and political thought. First security as the main value and the right man for the first time began to be considered as part of the Western world in a revolutionary period in its history. The most important legal acts , the final political victory of the third estate - trade strata of the Western community, right proclaimed security is one of the inalienable natural rights of man. Bill of rights 1689, adopted in England, in the American Declaration of independence of 1776 and the French Declaration of the rights of man and citizen of 1789, directly or indirectly, the safety was seen as a natural human rights, along with freedom, property, and resistance to oppression. Serious destructive consequences that brought Europe to war and revolution of the XIX-XX centuries, has had a significant impact on the evolution of human consciousness and subsequent changes in the understanding of the term "security". They were to mark not only the individual, but also the status of individual Nations and the international community of states [1].

As noted Harvard Professor E. Rothschild, over the past century interpretation of the meaning of «security» has changed several times. It has evolved along with the transformation that has undergone Western society: from weakly perceived notions of security, in which it acted as internal self-perception, in the direction of increased efficiency, certainty of this notion. In the process of this evolution occurred verbalization and consolidation of the concept of «security», denoting a human right and the condition of individual freedom, in the normative-legal acts that emerged in the epoch of bourgeois revolutions in Western Europe and America [1].

The evolution of human history has revealed a number of regularities that characterize the security function:

• social progress does not remove or eliminate the danger to the existence of the individual, society, state;

• increase of men power over nature is accompanied by an increase in the scale of the threats to mankind;

• as the differentiation of society and complications his organization is expanding range of social and hazards;

• social threats are not fixed and modified together with the development of society;

• security systems are an integral part of complex social systems and organizations;

• underestimating or ignoring security issues at all levels of social organization not only leads to those or other losses, but eventually, inevitably leads to a drop in viability (competitiveness) and even the death of the relevant elements (subjects).

There are several main approaches to the interpretation of the meaning of «security»:

Safety is a polysemantic concept characterizing the first security and a low level of risk for the person, society or any other subjects, objects or systems.

Security is a condition in which there is a complex system, when the action of external and internal factors are not causes of action that are considered negative in relation to this complex system, in accordance with existing, at this stage, needs, knowledge and views.

Security - the state of a complex system, when the action of external and internal factors does not lead to the deterioration of the system or to the impossibility of its functioning and development [2].

Within the classification of types of security may apply different criteria. Depending on what the object is protected from the dangers threatening it, you can select the state security, public security, public safety, security of person. Depending on the area in which it is necessary to create conditions for mitigating threats distinguish these types of security, economic security, political security, social security. The content and the essential characteristics of the concept of «social security» are still in the development stage and has not been adequately addressed in the scientific literature [3].

The term «social security» recently entered the scientific and political turnover. However, he quickly blended into the international and the national language, has found its specific development in a number of international documents. Among them, first of all, you need to allocate social world Declaration adopted in 1995 at the world summit for social development. In part it reads: «We propose to build such a society, where the right to food as sacred as the right to vote, right to primary education as revered as the right to freedom of the press, and where the right to development is seen as one of the fundamental human rights.»

Based on the analysis of international experience, we can conclude that the most effective and comprehensive social security systems usually include the following basic elements:

-state benefits;

- compulsory social insurance;

-accumulative pension funds;

- social assistance;

Currently, social security of each country is characterized by the total scope of social security and used legal forms

Types of social security	Organizational-legal forms of social security
	Social insurance	Social care	State support	Required savings	Private forms
Disease (medical care and provision for temporary disability)
Old age
Disability
The death of a breadwinner
Motherhood
The content of the family
Unemployment
Accidents at production

Social policy is the most important part of state policy. In ILO Convention No. 117 «Concerning basic aims and standards of social policy», proclaimed human right to a standard of living (including food, clothing, shelter, medical care and social services) that are necessary to maintain health and well-being of himself and of his family, as well as security in case of unemployment, disability, widowhood or otherwise, loss of livelihood in independent from the circumstances [4].

The main document on social security can be considered as the ILO Convention No. 102 «Сoncerning minimum standards оf social security», adopted in 1952. and in force since 1955. Its provisions were supplemented by Convention No. 157, «On the preservation of rights in social security» in 1982. etc. So, Convention No. 102 includes 9 types of social security: medical care, unemployment insurance, old age pensions, employment injury benefits, disability benefits, due to the loss of the breadwinner, the maternity and childbirth, sickness benefits and family allowances. The Convention did not affect only the poorest of the poor.

The most developed system of social security in the Nordic countries, particularly Sweden, the least developed in the USA, where the state provides only minimal protection, and more should take care of the man himself, because everyone is personally responsible for their lives and for their future.

General trends in the field of social security in developed countries lie in the fact that the social fund contributions made by companies and employees (in Finland-only enterprises, in Germany, the Netherlands, in France, the main burden on the workers). There are significant differences in the extent of assistance received. So, the universal equality of rights to benefits exists in Northern Europe, the Netherlands. On the basis of made social contributions paid benefits and assistance in Belgium, Germany, France. In the USA and Canada is made benefits payment by means.

Special direction in social policy is to support families and family allowances. Among the EU population social support is best organized in Belgium. She also ranks first in relative share of family benefits in average wage rates. For families with two and three children she is, appropriately, 13.7 and 25.7%, while in Germany - 3 and 5.8%, France 7.1 and 18.2% respectively. In Belgium there are several legislative acts to support families with children, focusing on «social protection and minimum income to everyone, regardless of his participation in the production process» [4].

At present, the policy of support for families in Belgium provides for family allowances - they pay with the birth of the first child. The size of the benefits depends on the professional status of parents, number of children in the family, the sequence numbers of the child's birth. Payments are held until the children reach 18 years of age, for students up to 25 years.

Families with children have tax benefits: depending on the number of dependent children the amount of non-taxable income increases, it also provides other benefits (for use of transport, housing, recruitment). Thus, social support for families in Belgium provides them with an acceptable level of income, reduces social tensions. In the early 90-ies established the Institute of maternity and child care, the services of nannies and tutors, private services for family assistance.

Developed the system using the family and in Austria. Here these issues are regulated by the Act on Parental leave. The number of child benefits is quite large. For example, a special allowance at the time of parental leave on the occasion of the birth of the child, after birth, child benefit, if a woman returns to the workplace (until the child reaches 12 years of age), the local child care benefit for children. There is quite a detailed question about the tax exemption for families with children [4].

Social network support in the United States includes many large and small programs, which can be divided into two main groups: programmes aimed at combating poverty, and programs like insurance. The first programmes help to meet the current needs of the population. The right to receive assistance and the amount of the allowance based on the amount of income received by a person from other sources, and also from the presence of his savings. There may be other ways to get help: the willingness to accept the proposed work, to agree on vocational training, etc. There are also non-financial criteria for inclusion of citizens in the program. There are programs, objects, cares whom are veterans of wars, people over 65 years of age, families with young children. Often these programs are regulated at the state level, where, and sets the degree of need and state aid.

Programs like insurance intended for at the deteriorating situation in individual families or individuals to maintain their standard of living, regardless of whether they have other income. The purpose of these programs is to implement, at least partially, the loss of income (remaining out of work, injured, etc).

There are also private programs; for example, private pension system, funded by the employers. Although, by definition, private programs are not included in the social support network, they should be taken into account when assessing the level of availability of applicants for state benefits.

Most programs are governed by Federal law. Some of them are financed and implemented by the Federal government, but many are being implemented by the government of the States.

It should be noted that despite the implementation of various programs, a certain level of poverty in the United States exists today. So, 15% of the U.S. population is social poverty.

In conclusion, the experience of countries with a market economy shows the feasibility of building a social security system based on cooperation between government, private bodies, public associations.

Social care about state citizens require large financial investments. At first sight not seen the returns from these investments will increase the welfare of the population, but the state itself. How the government spends on social programs can be judged on the standard of living of the poorest sections of society and what part is this group of the population in the total population of the country.

Thus, the social security of the population is the most important part of any civilized state. The development of social security of the population is closely linked with the economic situation of the country.

This development has only just begun in the world, and in the future must be established by the social security system that helps people to meet their socio-economic and spiritual needs in the new conditions of market relations.

Bibliography:

1.Чмыхало А. Ю. Социальная безопасность:Учебное пособие-Томск: Изд-во ТПУ, 2007. - 168 с.

2. Гулина М.А. Словарь-справочник по социальной работе, Санкт-Петербург ,2008.-450 с.

3. Зеркалов Д.В. Социальная безопасность. Хрестоматия. - К.: Основа, 2009.- 610 с.

4.Корнюшина Р.В. Зарубежный опыт социальной работы, Издательство Дальневосточного университета,2004.-85 с.