Tovma Nataliya
Doctor (Phd) Kaznu named al-Farabi
The analysis of city agglomerations in Kazakhstan
Abstract. This article describes the basic methods of analysis of urban
agglomerations. By way of comparison are presented in Almaty and Astana. A
model of economic growth in urban agglomerations (for example, the cities of
Almaty and Astana).
Keywords –
agglomerations, models, an urbanization
In modern conditions of
managing in many countries as the main form of moving city agglomerations act.
By the government of RK of the city of Astana, Almaty are approved as the
long-term centers of economic growth. The Astana agglomeration is positioned as
the center of high technologies and innovations. Almaty agglomeration is a
trade and logistic and financial center, an innovative cluster on the basis of
Ala Tau PITAS and the largest universities of Almaty. Successful development of
urbanistic agglomerations possibly only thanks to modeling of these processes.
In this regard, research of a complex of the transformations which have
mentioned territorial bases of economy of Almaty and Astana, is represented
actual. Growth and development of the cities is not the casual phenomenon in
social and economic development of the society, development of a social production
having in the basis. Historically emergence of the cities is connected with
more profound division of labor, that is with separation of the industry from
agriculture. Process of growth and development of the cities in any society is
accompanied by village operation by the city, deepening existing and emergence
of new social and economic contradictions in the cities. For a modern
urbanization are characteristic set of the contradictions most essential of
which are: contradictions both in development of the industry, and between
industrial and agricultural production, excessive density of urban population,
deterioration and distinction in level and quality of life of the population,
overpopulation, formation of the giant cities, acute housing problem, limitation
of places of the appendix of work, rise in crime and poverty, deterioration of
the ecological environment, the social conflicts, etc. Elimination and
neutralization of these phenomena – one of the most important problems of
management and regulation of the cities, which successful decision demands
strictly scientific studying of character and true scales of these phenomena
and the mechanism of their emergence.
Questions of formation spatial structures of the cities and city
agglomerations were studied by representatives of various economic schools in
XIX – the beginning of the XX century.
Problem of economic growth investigated, such scientists, as Minh Dao,
María Jesús Freire-Serén, Judith Panadés i
Martí [1-2].
The contribution to research of a problem was made by Henderson, J.V.
Rossi-Hansberg, E. which considered an urbanization and economic GOST [3-4].
The powerful contribution to a studied subject was made by Taylor P.
which offered the model of city agglomeration based on minimization of expenses
for movement and on creation of ways of movement [5-6].
At the end of the XX century the new interdisciplinary current – the New
city economy (NUE) presented by researchers of Black, D. and J.V. Henderson,
Edward L Glaeser, Matthew E in the West develops. Kahn, [7-8].
In Kazakhstan this problem is considered at governmental level. The model
of economic growth is presented in the main strategic documents of the country
[9].
Paying tribute to the saved up scientific experience in this area, it
should be noted that having publications on this subject raise only single
questions connected with modeling of agglomerations. Despite a contribution of
the scientists who are dealing with this problem remain such problem questions,
as the factors, city agglomerations influencing development aren't
investigated. Equilibrium models of a choice of policy of high-quality service
of inhabitants of agglomeration didn't find worthy reflection in economic
literature. As a whole the regional system of monitoring of urbanistic
agglomerations isn't developed. There are unexplored questions of formation of
city economy. The analysis of the studied literature also shows that there are
no accurate recommendations about algorithm of modeling of urbanistic
agglomerations and forecasting of expected results, on the basis of strategic
documents RK. Therefore, there is a need of development of scientific
approaches to development of model of economic growth of urbanistic
agglomerations.
The first classical works devoted to problems of life of the cities,
appeared at a boundary of the XIX-XX centuries. In them attempt to reveal
essence of a phenomenon of the city was made. In social philosophy of the
considered period (a geographical, demographic, economic, technological
determinism) that fact is explained by domination of deterministsky concepts
that definitions of the city had functional character and were aimed at
identification of distinctive signs of the city, instead of its
substantsionalny essence. Being guided by the analysis of scientific
literature, it is possible to allocate five bases of designing of definitions
of the city: political and administrative, territorial and demographic, social
and economic and sociocultural bases.
Now the cities are historically developed centers of innovations in which
the main production, intellectual and scientific potential is concentrated. The
cities show the main demand for technologies of development, an innovation,
they satisfy it. So was at all times,
will be and in the future. But right
now the world entered an era of an innovation and cardinal transformation of
the cities.
The president of the country also noted that in Kazakhstan the
perspective cities, such as Astana, Almaty, by Aktobe, Aktau, Shymkent are
formed. In this regard he charged to the Government of the country to develop
the program of agglomeration of settlements where the huge mass of the
population is concentrated. The main objective of development of agglomerations
in Kazakhstan is their formation as the long-term centers of growth integrated
with the world and regional markets. Priority economic specializations of each
agglomeration are thus defined. So, Astana Nazarbayev Universiteta, a medical
cluster and a being formed industrial zone is offered to position as the center
of high technologies and innovations on base. And it is considered as network
"growth zone" taking into account proximity and prospects of
development of Karaganda and the Shchuchinsko-Borovsky resort zone. By such
criteria as demographic capacity, the logistic and economic potential, and also
the administrative status of the city kernel, is carried out the analysis of
agglomerative capacity of the cities of Kazakhstan. It is as a result offered
to define agglomerations of two levels: the first – Astana, Almaty and
Shymkent, the second – Aktobe and Aktau. Thus definition of agglomerations of
the second level will be caused by existence of accurate strategy of
development of the cities, and also results of realization by regions of the
major state and industry programs.
Process
of formation of agglomeration round Almaty is at the initial stage. But such congestion of satellite towns
possibly in far prospect as a result of growth of population, creation of the
new cities and merge of the southern capital to such cities, as Kapshagay,
Talgar, Esik, Kaskelen and other settlements.
Almaty
agglomeration will develop as trade and logistic and financial center, an
innovative cluster on the basis of park of information Ala Tau technologies and
the largest universities, the center of tourism of all region of Central
Asia. This agglomeration it is planned
to develop taking into account construction of satellite towns of G4 City and
MTsPS "Horgos".
It
is provided to provide also the coordinated development of infrastructure of
agglomerations and zones of their attraction. This formation of the integrated
transport and infocommunication system, modernization of housing and communal
services with application of new technological decisions. Besides, development
of the interregional plans of measures on development of the agglomerations
approved by government resolutions – across Astana and Almaty, and decisions
regional ìàñëèõàòîâ
– across Shymkent, Aktobe and Aktau, and also development of the comprehensive
town-planning plan (the interregional scheme) developments of city
agglomeration and zones of their attraction for the long-term period is
supposed.
The
city of Aktobe grows and develops fast rates. And today it by right is one of
the perspective centers of economic growth in the west of the country. The
government of RK carried out the analysis of agglomerative capacity of the
cities of Kazakhstan, and Aktobe among five large centers was included into the
Program of development of regions regarding creation of city agglomeration of
the second level. Therefore the administration of the Aktyubinsk area puts
before itself accurate long-term strategy of development of the regional
center. Conceptual approaches to formation of agglomeration, its specialization
as industrial center are defined. The head of state put in front of Aktobe with
the population 440 thousand people a task of achievement in the long term the
population city to 1 million inhabitants. In this regard specialists scientists
developed mathematico-economic model of development of the regional center on
which in 2040 it becomes the city millionaire. According to scientists, for
achievement of a million boundary the population of the city has to grow almost
by 2,5 times. But the city can reach this status at the expense of other
factors as all population of our region makes 765 thousand people. According to
experts, such long-term forecast is feasible only in case in the city strategy
of industrial and innovative development is actively implemented, that is there
will be new objects of the industry of ore mining and smelting, oil and gas
processing, building industry, the knowledge-intensive branches will be formed
and to be created technopolises. In the city of Aktobe the new residential
districts "Nour Aktobe" and "Batys-2" for accommodation of
nearly 500 thousand population are under construction. The engineering and
communication infrastructure develops.
Now measures taken by
the state for support of the cities, especially small, are reduced to
allocation of financial resources on the solution of the most acute problems
connected with need of maintenance of minimum necessary standard of
living. Such way of recovery from the
crisis of the small and average cities, considering the scale of problems and a
condition of these city settlements, is less perspective. The main objective consists in creating such
social conditions for work which would allow to involve as a whole its economy
in the city, to create the mechanism of self-development and at the expense of
it to solve problems of employment of the population, housing and communal
services and development of social infrastructure.
The modern level of
development of urban economics of Kazakhstan shows that the industrial
enterprises are generally concentrated in the regional centers and other large
points. Industrial production in the small cities is presented mainly by the
enterprises of food, fuel industry and the industry of construction materials.
However on separate categories of the small cities concentration of industries
is various. In them, besides the food industry and the industry of construction
materials, develop ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, electrical power,
nefktegazodobyvayushchy. In a difficult situation there are the cities which basis
of economy is made by the enterprises for processing of agricultural
production. They don't possess the developed infrastructure, construction base,
qualified personnel.
The researches conducted
in our country, show that labor productivity and capital productivity in the
production sphere, and also specific town-planning and operational expenses
significantly differ in various settlements in size. The analysis carried out
by us allows to assume that approximately indicators of efficiency of
construction production in various city settlements have the same
differentiation. In the world markets and with existence of small capacity of domestic
market of prospect of further development of Kazakhstan and its territories are
defined by possibility of positioning of the country not only as large exporter
of raw material resources in the world markets, but also as the steady economic
system focused, first of all, on delivery of average and hi-tech goods and
granting a wide range of services (òîðãîâî - logistic, transport
and information, financial, educational, etc.) in it is central the Asian
region. Using the advantages and opening opportunities, Kazakhstan has to not
only seek to become the economic leader of the region, but also to turn into it
developed industrial and is service - the technological center. Kazakhstan has
to become the center of gravity to the region of investments, advanced
technologies and human resources, the integrator in regional economic
relations. On this basis have to be created competitive specialization of
regions of the country, the effective model of the territorial and economic
organization is created and business of Almaty and Astana is intensified. The
new model of growth of urbanistic agglomerations (on the example of Almaty and
Astana) will allow to measure regional effects, to determine the directions of
movement of factors of production, goods and services, and also extent of
accumulation of the capital by regions; to reveal extent of influence of
production and spatial factors on growth rates of economy of regions; to
predict convergence (convergence), thanks to existence of positive dependence
between growth rate of economy and distinction between the current and
equilibrium level of the income in economy. The advantage of model of
urbanistic growth is: accounting of real regional factors, especially factors
of placement of production; use of innovations and their distribution as major
factor of growth of territories, especially distribution channels; possession
to certain opportunities and alignments of interregional levels of economic
development by diffusion of innovations and industrialization; existence of
great opportunities for practical application, because of a prostate of initial
preconditions and definiteness of object of growth, allowing wide uses when
developing specific programs of regional policy; determination of economic
growth as consecutive a number of nonequilibrium conditions replacing each
other in which balance is considered as the temporary and changeable phenomenon.
Taking into account the above, formation and
development of model of urbanistic growth will be directed on successful
positioning of the country and its certain territories:
Scientific provisions and conclusions promote
strengthening and development of the cities, an entry of Kazakhstan into the
world market. Separate provisions can
be used by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Ministry of the
industry and new technologies, for creation of a methodical basis on
development of measures of management efficiency by city agglomerations.
Results can be used at national level:
- public authorities of various levels, RK Agency
statistically, the World bank, the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan,
the Ministry of the industry and new technologies of the Republic of
Kazakhstan, association of appraisers, when developing national standards of an
assessment, the labor code, methodology of estimation of cost.
- various departments when developing programs of
development of the cities, in practice of management, an assessment of
investment projects, introduction and system effectiveness of management.
- higher educational institutions by preparation of
training materials and lecturing in educational process when developing and
teaching training courses in system of preparation and retraining of the
managerial personnel and experts in the field of modeling.
- scientists when carrying out further researches.
Reference
1. Minh Dao An Analysis of Growth of Urbanization in Developing
Economies, The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Autumn, 2002), pp.
81-91
3. Henderson, J.V. (2003) "The Urbanization Process
and Economic Growth: The So-What Question," Journal of Economic Growth, 8, 47-71.
4. Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2004), "Optimal Urban Land
Use and Zoning," Review of Economic Dynamics,7, 69-106.
5. Taylor P. Specification
of the World City Network // Geographical Analysis.
2001. Vol. 33 No. 2;
6. Taylor P. World Cities
and Territorial States under Conditions of Contemporary Globalization // Political Geographical
Analysis. 2000. Vol. 19. No. 5.
7. Black, D. and J.V.
Henderson, 1999, A theory of urban growth. Journal of Political Economy 107, 252-84.
8. Sprawl and Urban
Growth, Edward L. Glaeser, Matthew E. Kahn, NBER Working Paper No. 9733 Issued in May 2003.
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