Datsii Alina, French School, Kyiv

Historical development government in Ukraine

Understand the foundations of modern public administration in Ukraine without excursion into its history at various stages of evolutionary development impossible. The level of knowledge of the history of Ukrainian state depends primarily on the study of written sources, which are very small.

The first written evidence of the development of foreign economic relations on the territory of Ukraine dated VII BC, with lively trade relations Scythian state of Olbia, Chersonesos and other cities. Subsequently, in order to promote the state's influence on foreign trade processes and to replenish the coffers of the lords, who were at the crossroads of trade routes and were brisk trade introduced duties on imported goods (import duties).

With the formation of Kievan Rus IX - XII centuries district BC, uniting disparate Slavic lands, the development of international trade and relations began to be recorded in the contracts (charters). One of the first of these documents is the charter for peace and development of relations between Kiev and Byzantium, which was concluded between Prince Oleg of Kiev and "... both Greek Cesar Leon and Alexander" in 907 [2]. During the decline of Kievan Rus internecine wars caused acted agreement concluded princes in November 1097 in Liubech according to which "... everyone keeps their patrimony ..." [1], so everyone on your own creative duties and other taxes.

Over the centuries Customs was one of the most essential factors of statehood and independence, bright and powerful evidence of financial sovereignty. Advanced historical development of Ukrainian state was at various stages of its formation, which development of the customs system. Especially difficult for Ukraine was time for domination Lithuanian-Polish state, when it had its own state and its territory, as the submission, there were Lithuanian and Polish customs legislation.

In the days of Zaporozhye Sech during the second half of the XVI - XVII century Cossacks, defending its independence from foreign invaders engaged in agriculture, fisheries, trade and at the same time confidently controlled the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks", namely the Middle Dnieper between Hetman Ukraine , Lithuania, Poland, Russia and the Crimea and Turkey. From Ukraine for sale in Turkey, the Crimean Khanate, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Moldova mostly sent fur, leather, wool, honey, wax, fish, horses and imported flour, salt, arms, lead, paper, cloth. Merchants pay a fee, which mainly went to the Cossack military treasury.

Simultaneously developed and had a fairly clear structure system of levying customs duties to the Hetman state. During the reign of Bogdan Khmelnitsky was founded and successfully operated state financial structure - State treasure, which included the responsibility also recharge state treasures by evekty (export duties) and indukty (import duties).

Territorial and economic growth of the Russian Empire led to further development of the customs system and customs regulation of foreign economic relations. Throughout the Empire, including Ukraine, are border and inland customs seem "customs Conduct" Moscow State followed by a compelling merchants to control customs.

The process of state regulation of foreign trade activity in pre-revolutionary Ukraine was sent to replenish the state treasury and was subject to influence public policy of the vassals and took quite difficult and ambiguous.

In the Soviet period, government policy on regulation of foreign trade relations completely subordinated to political needs that do not always coincide with the economic feasibility of the adoption of certain regulations in this area. Customs and tariff regulation was carried out manually and greatly inferior in its influence non-tariff administrative regulation of trade and government revenues from it.

The real revival own customs system as part of the sovereignty of Ukraine became possible in the early 90's, after the collapse of the USSR. At present Ukraine - a free, independent state that seeks to take its place in the international division of labor and a lot of attention to state regulation of foreign trade. It makes extensive use of economic mechanisms and instruments of state regulation of foreign trade, the most important customs and tariff regulation. Worldwide, it is an example of economic regulation and the requirements of a market economy compared to non-tariff barriers, mainly with the nature of the state, the power to regulate foreign trade.

In recent years Ukraine is in a state powers for the settlement of trade balance, constant oscillation between liberal and fiscal methods of customs and tariff and non-tariff regulation of foreign trade. The evolution of public policy in Ukraine since independence was the creation of legal conditions of the system of international relations, customs and tariff and non-tariff methods of regulation that focus on common international norms, standards and practices. Almost formation occurred in some aspects optimization mechanisms for implementation of customs-tariff policy. The main purpose of the present and the next stage is to stabilize the political and economic relations in the country, identifying key priorities of foreign relations and unambiguous raising to a new level of economic efficiency of the existing system of state management of these processes.

References:

1. Chornyj, V. B. (2000), Ukraine and customs. Historical Review, KVITS, Kyiv, Ukraine.

2. Makhnovуts, L.Ye. (1989), Rus chronicle, Translated from ancient, Dnipro, Kyiv, Ukraine.