ФИЛОСОФИЯ / 6.Философия науки

Elkhova Oksana Igorevna, Doctor of Philosophy , professor, Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Bashkir State University, Russia;

LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial intelligence is a technical and instrumental continuation of human enhancer of his physical and mental capabilities. But to say that a system of artificial intelligence have consciousness is impossible. They can only play certain intellectual functions of man. Artificial intelligence is aimed at solving a particular purpose. To engage with people in meaningful dialogue, creatively to overcome problems such systems can not yet. Although scientists report that created a self-learning artificial intelligence, in practice, such systems show a very modest results. Existing systems with artificial intelligence are not rise reach the level of ordinary average four year old child.

In our view, the success of creating a machine analogue of the human mind not so much to the development of engineering base, and how much is available to mankind's knowledge about consciousness and the natural intelligence. The problem can be defined as: «We do not understand the nature of own consciousness, so we cannot create artificial intelligence».

Conscious human activity can be described as dialogical. A person constantly monitors and evaluates himself, gets into an argument with himself, trying to look at himself, considering various projects of development, which entails the possibility of its improvement. Man and world are considered closely related; the person is not conceived without peace, and peace without human rights. A person is included in the diversity and continuity of existential processes. Reflection, self-consciousness appears as the beginning of the constitutive existential integrity in the fullness of life experience related to the installation of the «whole world».

In scientific discourse the term «reflection» is often used in the sense of identity that is not entirely true. The concept of «reflection» and «identity», of course, are close but not identical. If reflection refers to an activity aimed at human consciousness, its object is the internal subjective world of the person, the identity denotes a state of consciousness that reflects the integrity of the person, in its unity of subjective and objective, ideal and material.

The human mind is a complementary variety of sign language, some of which are a priori in nature. Yes, cybernetic machines took over a significant part of the transformational symbolic operations performed prior to that of human brain. Equivalent to when the invention of mechanical machines, technology transfer routine physical activity of man and the advent of computers allowed to pass on the technique of mental operations of consciousness that are amenable to formalization. It is obvious that the machine is able to perform these operations faster and more completely than the man himself. Meanwhile, the consciousness of the person corresponds to a plurality of sign language. So, sign-language tools include and unconsciously-figurative language, machine reproduction which is problematic.

Quite reasonably, the question arises how the multiplicity of sign language and their interaction can be modelled in an artificial machine version? Very important is also the fact that the implementation of the relationship of sign language means occurs due to the presence of a person's ability to acts of self-consciousness and reflection.

One of the main problems in the field of artificial intelligence is to create systems that would be capable of self-awareness and awareness of the world around them, self-knowledge of their internal states and properties. In fact, the problem lies in the modelling of such artificial «I», which has the reflection. Under the reflection, we believe a conscious display the contents of the cash phenomena of subjective reality. Using the reflection carried out the operation of self-reflection and goal-oriented activity «I».

The self-mapping entails the realization of an individual. People, solving their life problems, and is prone to failure from hard image of the self, and seeks to establish its movable and changing equivalent is evolving with each new life situation. Existing in the interval «here and now», «I» is not aware and not covering themselves completely. On the one hand, this is due to the multidimensionality of the content. On the other hand, it is important that «I» is aimed in the future, carries the potency of creativity as the possibility of a new «I» that has changed as a result of its development. «I» always goes beyond the «current present».

Current models of artificial intelligence are still limited and imperfect. Simulation of intelligent systems with reflection and self-awareness requires significant interdisciplinary efforts. Although in academic discourse can be found, where mental properties are attributed to computers and other technical devices, but the adequacy of such conceptual constructions. Obviously, the issues of artificial intelligence much are unclear, and there are white spots that are waiting to be clarified in the future. Can machines be conscious or system with artificial intelligence only contenders for the title «zombie»? In the context of advances in computer, cognitive Sciences and artificial intelligence expresses the principle of «relativity of consciousness». The essence of this principle is that for the realization of a behavioural act is absolutely not essential experience of the realization of this act. In other words, a behavioural act can proceed without his awareness. The principle of relativity of awareness extends to intellectual activity, which was traditionally considered to be inextricably linked to awareness. From this principle it follows that the behaviour and awareness can exist relatively independently from each other. Popular thought experiment of John Searle's «Chinese room» clearly shows that the machine is able to create the illusion of dialogue, but does not have consciousness and is not able to understand. The image of the «zombies» in the relationship with the artificial intelligence systems illustrates and emphasizes the unique properties of human consciousness.

Note that with the appropriate perseverance many local area of human intellectual activity, if they are not pronounced creative nature, can be represented as a set of clear instructions (algorithms) and transferred to the technical. But this does not bring us closer to the ultimate goal − the creation of the artificial intelligence that could learn like a human being, independently by perfecting ourselves to develop new types of knowledge and intellectual activity. Over the past few decades special progress in the creation of a learning intelligence was not observed.