Technical sciences /5. Energy

Gluchshenko T.I.

Kostanay State University named after A. Baytursinov, Kazakhstan

Energy conservation in cattle breeding

50 billion kW of electrical power spent in cattle breeding annually, that composes almost 40 % of total energy usage in agricultural industry. The gross product in agriculture has high energy density (in terms of primary energy) [1].

Development of livestock production is constrained significantly by the consumption of energy resources; each percentage increase in production requires an additional 2-4% in fuel consumption or electricity.

You can specify two mutually complementary areas for achieving this target. Firstly - replacing traditional scarce energy with affordable renewable energy sources, that greatly will reduce the energy balance intensity of the energy system. Secondly, it is the improvement of existing technologic processes in reducing their energy consumption.

Considering the reserves in cattle breeding that is typical for the zone of North Kazakhstan, which could be used for energy usage reduction.

It was mentioned, we consider only the energy flows conversion on the cattle breeding farms, but in the conditions.

As it was stated above, we consider only the conversion of energy flows in the livestock farm, but with a functioning rental groups is closely related to animal feed production, so we give a brief suggestions for improving bioenergy efficiency of obtaining food (excluding feed preparation, crushing grain, straw and silage cutting).

Of the light energy flow to the surface of all the plants absorbed only photosynthetic active energy (PAR) radiation (720 mm 3) of PAR. PAR energy is about 43% of the total solar energy. During the growing season it has 8-40 MJ PAR light energy per hectare, biomass is stored in only 80 thousand MJ - the rest of the energy is lost.

In reality, the efficiency of PAR can reach 30%, so it is possible to increase the bio-energy efficiency in 30 times by developing new varieties and new technologies of cultivation of forage crops.

This ratio is mainly determined by the level of scientific and technological progress in the related sectors of the economy (machine building, chemical industry, etc.). It can be improved by reducing the amount of applied fertilizer (occupying 65-70% of the total energy consumption), and increasing the proportion of organic fertilizers, showing much soil fertility. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer is 65%, or it may increase bioenergetic efficiency in 20-25% [2]. Furthermore, the qualities of organic fertilizer enhanced by the use of biogas power plants, allowing decontaminated manure and decompose complex organic compounds (nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, etc.).

An important source of total energy expenditure is the direct consumption of electricity and fuels (petrol, gas, oil, etc.) and electricity voltage.

In the structure of energy consumption for production of fodder crops share of fuel is in the range 10,7-6,9%. In order to reduce fuel consumption there are two options:

1. The use of cost-effective technologies, efficient fuel consumption in used tractors, cars, etc.

2. The widespread use of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biogas, emissions recovered thermal energy, etc.).

Let us consider the first option: a significant reserve of energy savings is a combination of technological operations and the use of combined machines. Bioenergetic efficiency obtain food on the basis of the above can be increased in 0,6-2,4% (provided that the processing of the soil accounts for 10-15% of all fuel for the season).

An important direction of reducing energy intensity of forage crops is to optimize the structure of the machine and tractor fleet. This structure is necessary to provide the optimal ratio of tracked and wheeled tractors as well as in the first fuel consumption in 8-15% less, that is, bio-energy efficiency can be increased in 1-3% [3].

Threshing grain for the economy of energy technologies can be implemented in threshing grain and legume crops in the hospital, which reduce fuel oil consumption by 50-60% compared to the combine harvesting.

Regarding the second option to reduce fuel consumption can be said that the economy used in internal combustion engines of 10-15%, with the application of automated fuel systems.

It is also possible in the future use of solar and wind energy to hospitals for drying and threshing grain and legume crops.

Animal organism learns not all of the energy feed. 35% to 50% of gross energy feed is lost to natural secretions.

On the scale of this country of 120 million tons of oil or 5% of all energy resources.

Reserves of energy contained in equipment, facilities, etc. lie in the development of new types of technologies and technical means used in farming with enough low rates of specific metal material capacity, because spent mainly on metal production (smelting scrap and iron ore) and building materials.

The structure of the total energy in the milk to the share of direct costs of fuel and energy resources are 14,9-49,4% (space heating, getting hot water.)

Reduction of direct costs of energy resources can be achieved by improving processes and equipment. Let's pets in the deep removable litter, as well as Loose-boxed contents and disposal of dung delta scrapers to reduce specific energy compared to the content of the clandestine barns of dung storage under floor at 23,2-25,9 GJ per head per year, or by 13,8-15,8%, which boosts efficiency in bioenergetic on 2,1-7,3%.

In the analysis of bioenergy technologies on indicators revealed that the major energy costs associated with the consumption of petroleum products, accounted for distributing fodder (2.5-2.8 GJ / cow per year). Use for these mobile feeders with electric instead of internal combustion engines reduces the power consumption of the process almost in 8 times. For reducing the overall energy consumption of livestock products is necessary to develop more efficient transportation system and electromobility distribution of feed, equipped with reliable individual sources of electricity (such as batteries). Thus, by using electrical energy for the process (transportation and distribution of feed, getting hot water, heating will be reduced to 5,5-7,3 times, and bioenergetic efficiency rises to 12,2-42%.

In the structure of energy consumption in livestock share the costs of creating and maintaining optimal microclimate in the room is 40-90% of total consumption [4].

Reduction of energy while ensuring climate can be achieved through the use of fans with stepless power mode switch that consume 25-30% less energy than step (4-3,3% for bioenergetic efficiencies above). By automating heating and ventilation systems can achieve greater energy savings of 10-15% (1.6-2% for bioenergy efficiencies above).

Renewable energy will significantly improve the efficiency of bioenergy.

Significant potential energy resources lie in the use of renewable energy sources. The greatest energy potential of the products of the operation of farms and complexes has - dung. Depending on ration and species of animals it is 35-45% of the gross energy of feed. For dung processing are usually used bioenergy plants in which it is processed by anaerobic fermentation, which resulted in the biogas (methane content 70%). Heat of combustion of 1m³ of biogas is 20-25 MJ, which corresponds to 0.8 kg conv. of fuel. Theoretically, the unit of dung from cattle (per day) can produce up to 2 m³ of biogas with an energy potential of about 40. Across the country it is 205 million m3 of biogas per day with a total energy potential equivalent to 180 thousand tons conv. of fuel. Thus, the development of anaerobic fermentation of manure in the ECU can cover about 30-50% of annual energy consumption for livestock farm, which will increase the efficiency of bio-energy milk production by 12-14%. In addition to the ECU is disinfection of manure and organic fertilizer produced high quality (in this case there is no denitrification of nitrogen), in contrast to the method of disinfection dung composted (aerobic fermentation).

The next source of renewable energy is milk derived from cows. Specialists of West Germany obtained the dependence of average annual number of released energy (Е_м, kWh) cooling the milk from 280 ⁰ С to 40 ° C on several factors [5].

Analyzing this relationship in animal productivity of 3000 kg / cow per year. It can be concluded that from a cow can get 0.27 GJ of energy. Thus, the utilization of thermal energy milk with a heat pump will achieve greater efficiency in bioenergetic 0.15-0.30%.

Significant reserves of reducing energy consumption to create and maintain an optimum microclimate in the room is 40-90% of total consumption, and general dilution ventilation is thrown up to 65% of heat exhaust air. This thermal energy can be used to preheat the inlet (cold air) through the use of industrial waste heat (heat exchangers, regenerators, heat pumps). In the coldest period of the heating season, the most promising use of recycled air.

List of references:

1. Tikhomirov A.V. Improving energy efficiency in the capture of livestock products. // Mechanization and electrification of agriculture. 1989. Number 3.
2. Novikov Y.F., Rabshtyna V.M., V.I. Sotnikov Provisions for reducing energy intensity of food products based on bio-energetic evaluation of production technologies: nauchn.-Tech. bulletin. / VNIITIMEZH, Kiev, 1984. No.4, p.170-173.
3. Kubyshev B. Energy problems in agricultural production // International Agricultural Journal, 1983, № 1, p.77-80.
4. Runov B.A., Babakhanov Y.M., A.P. Shatalov Energy-saving technology to create a microclimate on the farm // mechanization and electrification of agriculture, 1986, № 2, p.39-43.
5. Wenner H. Energie sparen in der Kilchviekhalfung // DLZ - Landtechn. 1981. Bd 32. N 2.3.162-163.