Rakitskij M. D., Usachev V. A.
Donetsk National University of economics and trade named after Mikhail Tugan- Baranovsky

The development of goods management

The purpose of given article is consideration of such theme, as history and the occurrence reasons of goods management.

Necessity for knowledge and estimation of properties of the goods has appeared, as soon as the exchange of one goods for others has begun. That this exchange was equivalent, useful properties of the exchanged goods, expenses for their reception were compared. Moreover, goods some most valuable and possessing a long keeping (furs, gold, silver, beans of cocoa, etc.) carried out functions of an equivalent of the exchanged goods even before occurrence of metal and paper money.

Occurrence of money hasn't weakened interest to knowledge of properties of the goods. Goods exchange value was in money terms defined by its utility for the buyer or consumer in cost.

As at the first stage of development of a science weren't divided yet on areas, goods management also didn't exist as a separate science, and the information on the goods appeared in the works devoted to agriculture.

Antiquity. Descriptions of goods management character in agronomical works of ancient Roman scientists are known: Katton the Senior (234—149 BC), Varrona (116—27 BC), Kolumelly (1 century AD) and Plinija of the Senior (23 or 24—79). Katton described ways of storage and processing of agricultural products (grapes, meat and fish); Varron’s — methods of an estimation of quality of cattle, milk, cheeses, etc.; Kolumelly’s — ways of storage of grain, endurance and aging of wines, has given goods management characteristic of grapes and ways of its storage.

The most capital work of this period is «the Natural history» Plinija published in 37 books where descriptions of many kinds of agricultural production, ways of cultivation of agricultural plants, their processing and storage are given. Grapes, ways of preparation of qualitative wines, and also their falsifications are especially in detail described. Plyniy the first has considered various ways of storage depending on environmental conditions.

In the Middle Ages development of natural sciences (physics, chemistry, biology) has made essential impact on expansion and deepening of goods management knowledge. Along with works of descriptive character there are the works based on tests. It is necessary to carry M.Sebitsiusa's (1630) work which has described many spices, and also ways of preparation of bread, cheese, wines and other foodstuff, ways of lengthening of periods of storage of fruit juice by heating to the first. F.Redi's works which by means of a microscope has established the reasons of damage of meat concern works of research character.For development of a scientific direction of goods management G.Burgave's (1668—1738) works which has developed bases of the chemical analysis of foodstuff, and also K.Linneja (1707-1778), Z.Bjuffona (1707-1788), B.Zhjuse (1699—1777) which regular researches in the field of biology have formed a basis for working out of scientific classification of the goods had great value.During this period there are first independent works on trade and goods management. So, in 1575 for the first time there was «a Trading book. The book descriptive as young men auction to conduct and the nobility to all the price, and partly in it the goods various are described any earths, they are brought to Russia by Germans and other earths people trading». In the book which authors characteristic of some the goods, including export-import (honey, wax, grain, hemp, fats, furs, etc. is unknown, given detailed the then). Features of goods management the information informed in «Trading book» and other sources, are its descriptive character and absence of ordering.

The publication in 1756 of the book of I.G.Ljudovitsy of "a basis of full trading system» where bases goods management as for the first time have been stated area of scientific knowledge became an important stage in development of goods management. The book has received wide recognition of contemporaries. That fact testifies to it that the second edition of this book has been translated into Russian and the Tracing of full merchant system with the initial bases of a trading science with acquisition of short history about trade »(p.1 and 2) was published in 1789 under the name “trade”. The fact of translation into Russian and the edition of the book of Ljudovitsy says that by the end of XVIII century there was an estate of the merchants needing in тgoods management knowledge.

In the preface of the book the author notices that it the first has resulted «a merchant science» in certain system, understanding as it set of the knowledge concerning trade, including knowledge of the goods, «accounting» and the maintenance of accounting books is perfectly in order.

Ljudovitsy for the first time has defined a subject and the maintenance of goods management, and also has made definition of terms «goods management» and "goods". In its opinion, all movable things which are trade subjects, except for money and securities »concern the goods«.

«The subject of goods managemnt in particular is knowledge of the goods, depending on the trade in them to need. This knowledge reaches division and childbirth of the goods, making, property, test or discussion, the price and kindness, damage, preservation and the maintenance, correction, manufacture and falsification, and also on knowledge which an essence the best сkinds both birth of the goods and which more likely from hands it is possible to sell and, at last, where any goods it is possible to get» better and more cheaply. Ljudovitsy one of the first has specified in necessity of creation of commercial (trading) educational institutions (academies, schools).Despite allocation of goods management as the special field of knowledge, the accumulated information on the goods had basically goods management-technological character. The big place in descriptions of the goods was given to their technology industrial or agricultural production.

Modern goods managements. Unfortunately, in the early nineties the edition of goods management literatures in the Russian publishing houses has completely stopped. Already ready manuscript of 4th edition «Directory of the commodity researcher of articles of food» wasn't published because of financial difficulties, planned to release in 1991 — 1992 Only in 1995 at the initiative of publishing house "Economy" and the author there is begun the edition of a series of scientifically-practical books on goods management «the Commodity directory». First four books of this series on goods management foodstuff are already published.It is necessary to note the considerable contribution to development goods management and foreign scientific, first of all German and Polish, whose works have been translated into Russian and have made appreciable impact on development domestic goods management. So, in 1967 G.Grundke's book «Bases of the general goods management» has been translated into Russian and published.

Since 1962 the international congresses of commodity researchers on which the general questions of the further development goods management were discussed were spent. Last congress has taken place in 1989 in Germany.It is necessary to note two basic directions of development товароведения — practical and scientific. And at different stages of development or this or that direction prevailed, or both directions existed in common.Easing of control over quality of the goods at the state and intrafirm level in the early nineties has led to saturation of the market poor-quality, forged, and at times the dangerous goods of domestic and import manufacture.In this connection interest of practical trading workers to товароведным to knowledge has amplified, and in average and higher professional educational institutions competition on тof goods management specialities has increased. It obliges all at the present stage of development goods management to harmonise both directions — practical and scientific as they supplement and enrich each other, and also to reveal new problems and ways of development of goods management. One of the major is use in goods management marketing principles, in particular consideration of a subject of goods management not only as object of commercial activity, but also as means of satisfaction of real and prospective requirements. Such approach causes of search of modern ways of forecasting of the new goods, workings out of their characteristics taking into account prospective requirements. However it does not mean refusal of those traditions Russian goods management which have been offered by its founders and many of which have not lost an urgency and today. Moreover, in goods management always existed and there will be "eternal" problems — studying of the new goods and new consumer properties of already known goods taking into account last achievements goods management and interdisciplinary sciences. One of approaches to integration of two sections — goods management foodstuff and goods management the nonfood goods — is creation of the general for both sections of the theoretical bases considering basic characteristics of all goods irrespective of their appointment.

Thus, I have considered the basic original causes of occurrence of goods management in the world and historical developments during the period from antiquity on the Middle Ages.