UDC 519.68.

 

Modern lines in practice of application of plastic cards

 

Ilipov M. M, the senior teacher of chair of computer facilities

The Euroasian national university of L.N.Gumilev

 

The resume

In given articles to be spent the review of application of plastic cards and the tendency of their development. Also structures and their features the realisation mikrocontroller are considered 

 

 Now plastic cards have received a wide circulation in appendices of protection of the information. The circle of their application is rather wide and various: it both payphone cards, and SIM-cards in cellular telephones, it, certainly, payment cards of various types, cards of medical insurance, journey in a municipal transportation, the cards of the steady customer named discount, cards-keys stimulating demand, opening an electronic lock at doors, means of carrying out of identification electronic identification cards, means of acknowledgement, payment and authenticity of the subscriber in a cellular telephony and satellite TV, means of identification of users of the computing system etc.

In Republic Kazakhstan the law directed on regulation of relations, arising is passed at creation and use of the electronic documents certified by means of electronic digital signatures, providing an establishment, change or the termination of legal relations, and also the rights and duties of participants of the legal relations arising in sphere of the reference of electronic documents, including fulfilment of civil-law transactions [1]. The Basic purpose of plastic cards - storage of some, concerning a small portion of the information identifying the holder of a card, the package deal, period of validity, etc. as the majority of appendices of plastic cards, anyhow, are connected with payment and protection questions not authorised updating of the information which are on a card, reception, the malefactor of the confidential information kept on a card abduction of a card, not all cards are made of plastic, there are, for example, cards from a cardboard. Therefore the term "plastic cards" in this case designates not a manufacturing material, and some collective concept.

There are cards, the information on which is put by only polygraphic methods. Such cards have appeared from the very beginning of existence of card technologies. As a material of such cards metals, a paper or a cardboard were at various times used. Now plastic is in most cases applied. There are many various ways of polygraphic representation of the information on a card, such as drawing of the text or graphic the image, including photos, a stroke - coding, holography, etc.  

Cards with a magnetic strip are the most widespread for today. So high popularity of cards of the given type speaks, first of all, in the low cost combined with possibility to store big enough, in comparison with cards from the first group, information volumes. Cost of cards has the increasing value with increase in volume of issue. Besides, conclusive advantage of cards of such type is possibility of a data recording by means of the simple equipment. The magnetic strip settles down on an underside of a card and, according to standard ISO/IEC7811, consists of three paths. From them first two are intended for storage of identification data, and on the third it is possible to write down the information.

However because of low reliability of repeatedly repeated process of record/reading, record on a magnetic strip, as a rule, does not practise, and such cards are used only in a mode of reading of the information. The magnetic strip quickly enough leaves lines (as a rule, the bank-emitter guarantees card work only within one year). A version of chips-cards - flash cards are some kind of an intermediate link on a way to microprocessor cards are cards with the built in microcircuit storing from several tens byte to several kilobyte of the information, having the elementary built in mechanism access differentiation. Besides, besides information storage, additional functionality which will be described in more details more low is possible. Such microcircuit is located in the plastic case of a card having a contact platform with six or eight contacts from which it is actually used only five. Flash cards have gained huge distribution as payphone cards. In cards of this type protection of the kept information against not authorised updating is carried out, as a rule, not by means of cryptography mechanisms (though also such too it is possible), and at the expense of impossibility (within reasonable cost of attack) updatings of the information kept on a card bypassing the mechanism of differentiation of access, for example, such, as input of a PIN-code, the information on a card cannot be modified owing to hardware features of a card, or is modified, but in a special way: the counter of services can only will decrease or, for example, any bits - signs can be established only in unit, back in a zero them to translate it is impossible. The mechanism of "burning" of crosspieces in a microcircuit is often applied. In the past, an essential lack of flash cards was the impossibility of carrying out by a card of cryptographic operations. Unlike a card with a magnetic strip, as a rule, it is difficult to malefactor to make a card copy, however absence of realisation of cryptographic operations in a card leaves possibility to make emulators of cards. For example, nothing prevents to create the emulator of a usual synchronous payphone card having cutting down telephone expenses, from the point of view of the payphone, identical functionality with a card. Therefore now the majority of flash cards is supplied with the cryptographic mechanism of identification and acknowledgement of reliability of data represented by a card [2].

Development of flash cards are microprocessor cards the containing microcircuits more reliably protected from research, with the built in microprocessor, memory of programs (ROM), data (RÀM), operative memory and the input-output interface. Such card is, as a matter of fact, a microcomputer, its possibilities on processing and a data storage are limited only to the sizes of areas of memory and computing capacity of a crystal.

Microprocessor cards existing now can store some kilobyte of the information, make cryptographic operations and conduct information interchange with an external world through the unique interface. Protection of a microprocessor card provides impossibility (within reasonable cost of attack) not authorised readings or updatings by the infringer of the information kept on a card. Microprocessor cards have set of appendices in which it is inconvenient to use for safety reasons cards of other types, and, first of all, it is payment systems in domestic conditions, on the economic reasons, the unique comprehensible decision for electronic payment rationing systems there are microprocessor cards which can reliably protect the kept information from disclosing or not authorised updating.

Microprocessor cards give the chance:

1) to Make cryptographic operations, including, with confidential keys, confidential, including, and for the owner of a card.

2) it is easy to be adjusted on feature of realised projects.

3) to Use them at once in several appendices.

4) to Carry out the operations programmed by developers of appendices.

5) to Carry out transactions in the conditions of absence of communication about process by the centre ’ (i.e. «in an offline»).

6) Contain multilevel file system.

7) Contain the mechanism of differentiation of access.

8) to Resist to attacks of the malefactor under the analysis and updating of the data transferred by the terminal about a card through the card interface.

The given cards are described by standard ISO/IEC 7816 «Cards and identification. Cards on integrated schemes with contacts».

Today crystals of microprocessor cards make such companies as AdvancedLogicCorparetion, Atmel, DallasSempiconductor, HitachiSemiconductor, InsideTechnologies, Microchip, Motorola Philips, SamsungElectronics, SiemensSemiconductor, STMicroelectronics and Xicor.

As many payment and identification appendices make special demands to the card interface, such as impossibility or undesirability of physical contact of a card with the input reader or increased requirements to time of realisation of transaction, instead of the contact interface the aerial representing of some coils of a thin wire, placed in a card is applied. Such card has no own power supply - a food, also as well as information interchange, is carried out on a radio channel. Thus the working distance between a contactless card and the reader can be, depending on the report of an exchange from several centimetres to several metres. For maintenance of functioning of system in a case when in the field of the reader there are some various same cards, it is provided special against the conflict mechanism, allowing to address only to the chosen card from among being in the field of the input reader.

 Combination of functionality of contact and contactless cards is possible: on the same card named hybrid, there is a microcircuit with a contact platform and a contactless microcircuit with the aerial. These two numbers do not depend from each other, therefore at rewriting of the duplicated information it is necessary to carry out such rewriting twice: on the contact chip and on the contactless. The decision of the given problem are so-called cards with the dual interface, two independent chips having any more, and one chip with two interfaces [3]. Earlier at work through the contactless interface a food not all crystal, and only a part which are responsible for a contactless exchange, as a rule, was carried out. Accordingly, on the contactless interface the part of resources of a crystal was accessible only. Today modern technologies allow to solve this problem and, thus, distinctions between the contact and contactless interface remain only not in reports of channel and physical levels.

Such cards find application in the projects on the one hand having an identification component, critical by time of fulfilment of transaction, on the other hand, having the payment mechanism protected PIN - a code and cryptographic certificates. To appendices of payment of transport expenses it is applied contactless chips MIFARE and JCOP 30/31, and for various payment and registration appendices the contact interface is used. On a card there is a various identification information, the information on a set of given privileges, on medical insurance, payment appendix VISA Electron. 

  

THE LIST OF THE USED LITERATURE

1. The Republic Kazakhstan law “About the electronic document and the electronic digital signature” from 07.01. 2003 ¹ 370-2

2. Atanov S. Ê,  Working out mathematical and the software of computers and microprocessor complexes on the basis of indistinct logic Euroasian íàö. Un y of L.N.Gumileva. - Astana, 2010. - 38 with. - Áèáëèîãð.: with. 35-38.

3. Dr. Timour Paltashev (www.npu.edu), Lecture:Advanced Computer Organization and Design, 2008