Название секции:
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ. Вычислительная техника и
программирование
Авторы: Илипон Марлен
Маукенович
Название работы: Modern lines in practice of application of plastic
cards
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Страна: Казахстан
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Получатель: Илипов М.М.
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atanov5@mail.ru
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Modern lines in practice of application of plastic
cards
Ilipov M. M, the senior teacher of chair of computer facilities
The Euroasian national university of L.N.Gumilev
The
resume
In given articles to be spent the
review of application of plastic cards and the tendency of their development.
Also structures and their features the realisation mikrocontroller are
considered
Now plastic cards
have received a wide circulation in appendices of protection of the
information. The circle of their application is rather wide and various: it
both payphone cards, and SIM-cards in cellular telephones, it, certainly,
payment cards of various types, cards of medical insurance, journey in a
municipal transportation, the cards of the steady customer named discount,
cards-keys stimulating demand, opening an electronic lock at doors, means of
carrying out of identification electronic identification cards, means of
acknowledgement, payment and authenticity of the subscriber in a cellular
telephony and satellite TV, means of identification of users of the computing
system etc.
In Republic Kazakhstan the law
directed on regulation of relations, arising is passed at creation and use of
the electronic documents certified by means of electronic digital signatures,
providing an establishment, change or the termination of legal relations, and
also the rights and duties of participants of the legal relations arising in
sphere of the reference of electronic documents, including fulfilment of
civil-law transactions [1]. The Basic purpose of plastic cards - storage of
some, concerning a small portion of the information identifying the holder of a
card, the package deal, period of validity, etc. as the majority of appendices
of plastic cards, anyhow, are connected with payment and protection questions
not authorised updating of the information which are on a card, reception, the
malefactor of the confidential information kept on a card abduction of a card,
not all cards are made of plastic, there are, for example, cards from a
cardboard. Therefore the term "plastic cards" in this case designates
not a manufacturing material, and some collective concept.
There are cards, the information on which is put by
only polygraphic methods. Such cards have appeared from the very beginning of
existence of card technologies. As a material of such cards metals, a paper or
a cardboard were at various times used. Now plastic is in most cases applied.
There are many various ways of polygraphic representation of the information on
a card, such as drawing of the text or graphic the image, including photos, a
stroke - coding, holography, etc.
Cards with a magnetic strip are the most widespread
for today. So high popularity of cards of the given type speaks, first of all,
in the low cost combined with possibility to store big enough, in comparison
with cards from the first group, information volumes. Cost of cards has the increasing
value with increase in volume of issue. Besides, conclusive advantage of cards
of such type is possibility of a data recording by means of the simple
equipment. The magnetic strip settles down on an underside of a card and,
according to standard ISO/IEC7811, consists of three paths. From them first two
are intended for storage of identification data, and on the third it is
possible to write down the information.
However because of low reliability of repeatedly
repeated process of record/reading, record on a magnetic strip, as a rule, does
not practise, and such cards are used only in a mode of reading of the
information. The magnetic strip quickly enough leaves lines (as a rule, the
bank-emitter guarantees card work only within one year). A version of
chips-cards - flash cards are some kind of an intermediate link on a way to
microprocessor cards are cards with the built in microcircuit storing from
several tens byte to several kilobyte of the information, having the elementary
built in mechanism access differentiation. Besides, besides information
storage, additional functionality which will be described in more details more
low is possible. Such microcircuit is located in the plastic case of a card
having a contact platform with six or eight contacts from which it is actually
used only five. Flash cards have gained huge distribution as payphone cards. In
cards of this type protection of the kept information against not authorised
updating is carried out, as a rule, not by means of cryptography mechanisms
(though also such too it is possible), and at the expense of impossibility
(within reasonable cost of attack) updatings of the information kept on a card
bypassing the mechanism of differentiation of access, for example, such, as
input of a PIN-code, the information on a card cannot be modified owing to
hardware features of a card, or is modified, but in a special way: the counter
of services can only will decrease or, for example, any bits - signs can be
established only in unit, back in a zero them to translate it is impossible.
The mechanism of "burning" of crosspieces in a microcircuit is often
applied. In the past, an essential lack of flash cards was the impossibility of
carrying out by a card of cryptographic operations. Unlike a card with a magnetic
strip, as a rule, it is difficult to malefactor to make a card copy, however
absence of realisation of cryptographic operations in a card leaves possibility
to make emulators of cards. For example, nothing prevents to create the
emulator of a usual synchronous payphone card having cutting down telephone
expenses, from the point of view of the payphone, identical functionality with
a card. Therefore now the majority of flash cards is supplied with the
cryptographic mechanism of identification and acknowledgement of reliability of
data represented by a card [2].
Development of flash cards are microprocessor cards
the containing microcircuits more reliably protected from research, with the
built in microprocessor, memory of programs (ROM), data (RАM), operative memory and the input-output interface. Such card is, as a
matter of fact, a microcomputer, its possibilities on processing and a data
storage are limited only to the sizes of areas of memory and computing capacity
of a crystal.
Microprocessor cards existing now can store some
kilobyte of the information, make cryptographic operations and conduct
information interchange with an external world through the unique interface.
Protection of a microprocessor card provides impossibility (within reasonable
cost of attack) not authorised readings or updatings by the infringer of the
information kept on a card. Microprocessor cards have set of appendices in
which it is inconvenient to use for safety reasons cards of other types, and,
first of all, it is payment systems in domestic conditions, on the economic
reasons, the unique comprehensible decision for electronic payment rationing
systems there are microprocessor cards which can reliably protect the kept
information from disclosing or not authorised updating.
Microprocessor cards give the chance:
1) to Make cryptographic operations, including, with confidential keys,
confidential, including, and for the owner of a card.
2) it is easy to be adjusted on feature of realised projects.
3) to Use them at once in several appendices.
4) to Carry out the operations programmed by developers of appendices.
5) to Carry out transactions in the conditions of absence of
communication about process by the centre ’ (i.e. «in an offline»).
6) Contain multilevel file system.
7) Contain the mechanism of differentiation of access.
8) to Resist to attacks of the malefactor under the analysis and
updating of the data transferred by the terminal about a card through the card
interface.
The given cards are described by standard ISO/IEC 7816
«Cards and identification. Cards on integrated schemes with contacts».
Today crystals of microprocessor cards make such
companies as AdvancedLogicCorparetion, Atmel, DallasSempiconductor, HitachiSemiconductor,
InsideTechnologies, Microchip, Motorola Philips, SamsungElectronics, SiemensSemiconductor,
STMicroelectronics and Xicor.
As many payment and identification appendices make
special demands to the card interface, such as impossibility or undesirability
of physical contact of a card with the input reader or increased requirements
to time of realisation of transaction, instead of the contact interface the
aerial representing of some coils of a thin wire, placed in a card is applied.
Such card has no own power supply - a food, also as well as information
interchange, is carried out on a radio channel. Thus the working distance
between a contactless card and the reader can be, depending on the report of an
exchange from several centimetres to several metres. For maintenance of
functioning of system in a case when in the field of the reader there are some
various same cards, it is provided special against the conflict mechanism,
allowing to address only to the chosen card from among being in the field of
the input reader.
Combination of
functionality of contact and contactless cards is possible: on the same card
named hybrid, there is a microcircuit with a contact platform and a contactless
microcircuit with the aerial. These two numbers do not depend from each other,
therefore at rewriting of the duplicated information it is necessary to carry
out such rewriting twice: on the contact chip and on the contactless. The
decision of the given problem are so-called cards with the dual interface, two
independent chips having any more, and one chip with two interfaces [3].
Earlier at work through the contactless interface a food not all crystal, and
only a part which are responsible for a contactless exchange, as a rule, was
carried out. Accordingly, on the contactless interface the part of resources of
a crystal was accessible only. Today modern technologies allow to solve this
problem and, thus, distinctions between the contact and contactless interface
remain only not in reports of channel and physical levels.
Such cards find application in the projects on the one
hand having an identification component, critical by time of fulfilment of
transaction, on the other hand, having the payment mechanism protected PIN - a
code and cryptographic certificates. To appendices of payment of transport
expenses it is applied contactless chips MIFARE and JCOP 30/31, and for various
payment and registration appendices the contact interface is used. On a card
there is a various identification information, the information on a set of
given privileges, on medical insurance, payment appendix VISA Electron.
THE LIST OF THE USED LITERATURE
1. The Republic Kazakhstan law
“About the electronic document and the electronic digital signature” from
07.01. 2003 № 370-2
2. Atanov S. К, Working out mathematical and
the software of computers and microprocessor complexes on the basis of
indistinct logic Euroasian нац. Un y of L.N.Gumileva.
- Astana, 2010. - 38 with. - Библиогр.: with. 35-38.
3.
Dr. Timour Paltashev (www.npu.edu), Lecture:Advanced Computer Organization and
Design, 2008