Economic science/1. Banks and bank system
Zhunisova B.T., Kushenova M.S.
The Kyzylorda state university it. Korkyt-Ata, Kazakhstan
The state innovative policy in the countries of
East Asia and the Western Europe: a condition and problems
The state innovative
policy in industrially developed countries is directed on creation of a
favorable economic climate for realization of innovative processes and is a
link between sphere of a "pure" (academic) science and problems of
manufacture. As a whole the role of the state in the field of support of
innovations can be reduced by the following moments:
·
The state promotes development of a science, including applied, and
preparation of the scientific and engineering staff (the basic source of
innovative ideas);
·
Within the limits of the majority of the governmental departments there
are the various programs directed on increase of innovative activity of
business;
·
The state orders, mainly in the form of contracts, on carrying out of
research and development provide initial demand for many innovations which then
find wide application in a national economy;
·
Fiscal and other elements of state regulation form stimulating influence
of an environment which cause efficiency and necessity of innovative decisions
of separate firms;
·
The state acts in a role of the intermediary in business of the
organization of effective interaction academic and applied science, stimulates
cooperation in the field of research and development of industrial corporations
and universities.
At formation of innovative policy the choice of the main vector of its
movement that allows to allocate two basic models of innovative policy is
essentially important:
- Model of the innovative policy focused on performance of scientific and
technical programs and projects of national purpose. An overall objective is
encouragement of development of those positive opportunities in the areas
having priority value for the country;
- The model of innovative policy focused on distribution of scientific
and technical knowledge. The overall objective of such policy - increase of
ability to master new technologies, to expand technological opportunities of
branches and spheres of economy. More often it concerns perfection of an
innovative infrastructure, an education system and vocational training [1].
The organization of
innovative activity and its financing in Japan which takes the second place in
the world after the USA on a level of development of a science and technologies
is worthy.
Basic researches
very expensive and risky, therefore the Japanese private concerns do not risk
to put in them of money, but, in case of support of these researches by the
state, the companies also are ready to enclose means in development. The
competition between firms begins after reception of result of basic researches.
The share of the
State expenditure on research and development in Japan makes 20 % of all
charges on a science and about 1,5 % of charges on research and development in
the industry that is the lowest parameter among the developed countries. But
the role of the state in the given area is very great. It is carried out due to
the special approach in financing. The beginning of development, then private
concerns is financed, having learned about support of the project by the state,
put the capitals in the further development. At later stages the project is
carried out completely due to private concerns.
The government
promotes transfer of the scientific results received in the state research
establishments, a private sector. Joint researches of the state centres of
science and the private companies are stimulated. The last get access to the
works which are carried out in the state scientific institutes, and their
employees can carry out researches in laboratories of private concerns [2].
For last 20 years
cumulative charges on development of a science and technologies in Japan have
grown in 8 times, and it is the greatest in the world a parameter of growth of
expenses in innovative sphere. With 1995 state financing extends on small and
moderate-sized firms, and in enough large sizes (budgetary assignment has
increased approximately on 50 %). The budget of Japan acts as an element of the
program of development of research and development: in 1999 for researches ýíäîêðèííûõ preparations
it has been allocated 11,2 billion yens, researches in genic engineering - 8,7
billion yens, etc.
The state actions
also include reduction of the corporate tax with 46 up to 40 %. The ministry of
international trade and the industry has developed the program « Creation of
the new industry » which is financed on 300 billion yens (2,2 billion dollars).
In the center of its attention of 15 industrial sectors, differing high
opportunities in development of the newest technologies. Financial and
industrial groups invest means mainly in applied researches and developmental
development, value of scientific research institute grows at private
corporations and charges of corporations on research and development.
In the country the
highest in the world quantity of applications for reception of patents. In 2000
in the USA from 300 thousand references behind patents 50 thousand have made
applications of the Japanese companies and corporations. It is authorized to
corporations to establish system of encouragement of research and development
independently. Many companies as encouragement of perspective researches and
their introductions establish special bonuses. In such transnational
corporation as, for example, Sony the size of bonuses practically is not
limited and pays off from the sum of the income received by corporation as a
result of introduction of this or that technology. The law has allowed to
create to universities own license firms that allows to stimulate even more
area patent.
Now the innovative
policy of Japan is formed and spent according to the State financial plan on a
science and technologies which provides:
-increase in state
financing of research and development with 0,7 up to 1,0 % from the size of
gross national product;
-preparation of 30
Nobel winners within 50 years;
-support of
research and development in sphere of public health services, information
technologies, preservations of the environment, processing;
-increase in
support of young scientists;
-maintenance of
increase of competitiveness of industrial technologies by means of cooperation
of corporations, the governments and the academic sector;
-reforming of an
education system in sphere of a science and technologies [3].
Successes of the
Asian countries in development of the technological advantages and development
of new technological niches are obvious. First of all, in this context it is
necessary to mention Japan and the so-called recently industrialized countries
(Asian newly industrialized countries ANIC) to which South Korea, Taiwan, Hong
Kong and Singapore concern. The Asian economy have shown the fastest rates of
growth in post-war years. In 1950 of gross national product per capita in Japan
was hardly below ñðåäíåìèðîâîãî. Less than for 25
years it became three times more than an average and has closely come nearer to
parameters of the Western Europe. In China with 1975 on 2004 of gross national
product has per capita grown in real expression in eight times. The share of
China in world production has increased from 1,4 % in 1980, up to 8,5 % by the
end 2004 South Korea, earlier one of the most backward economy of the world,
less than for three decades has turned to one of leaders of economic on rates
of economic growth. With 1962 on 2004 Gross national product per capita in this
country has grown more than in 100 times [4].
East Asia as a
whole is constantly changing the value in economic macroregion which includes
Japan as the technological leader of all region, recently industrialized
countries (ANIC), countries ASEAN (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and
Philippines) and also, undoubtedly, China which starts to play an in the lead
role in the organization of technological networks in the Asian countries.
China in 2004 spent
for research and development of 1,23 % of gross national product that is much
less than charges of Germany (2,49 %), France (2,16 %) and the Great Britain
(1,88 %). But by virtue of the huge sizes of the Chinese economy of 1,23 % of
gross national product pour out in 93,9 % billion dollars of charges on research
and development. It is more, than charges on the same purposes of Germany (59,1
billion dollars), more than in 2 times there are more than charges of France
(38,9 billion dollars) and the Great Britain (33,2 billion dollars). As a
result in China there is possible a realization of such innovative projects
which are inaccessible to the economy spending for research and development
less 10 billion of dollars to China for the shortest term could create at a
high technological level manufacture of computers, space technics, the
telecommunication equipment, systems of cellular communication, etc.
To 2009-2010 China
can already outstrip the European Union under charges on research and
development, is spoken in the report of Eurocommission " the Key facts
about a science, technologies and innovations in 2007 ". In 2005 (they are
last accessible data) China has spent for research and development of 1,34 % of
gross national product, whereas EU - 1,84 %. But the Chinese assignments grow
even more quickly economy which increases for 9-10 % a year. In 1995 China
spent for research and development only 0,6 %.
In the Europe
charges on a science stagflation first of all because of rather low innovative
activity of a private sector, the commission is anxious. In the European Union
charges of business do not exceed 55 % of expenses for research and
development, and in the USA in 2004 they have reached 64 %. In Asia business
spends more: in China - 67 %, in Japan and South Korea - 75 %.
From the point of
view of development of innovative sphere the Asian countries depend and
continue to depend on the Japanese economy and technological policy of the
Japanese corporations. Japan delivers the equipment and technology in the Asian
countries, the Asian countries export consumer goods on the North-American
market. Within the limits of this interaction during last decades the formal
model of the Asian integration has been generated network not. A basic element
of this model is the regional industrial network (regional production network).
Recently under influence of globalization which in the Asian region, first of
all, pours out in financial instability and migration of the manpower, the
developed system of the Japanese technological domination gradually starts to
vary.
Thus, development
of the European national innovative systems consists in their association in
uniform hiper-system on the basis of creation of an infrastructure
of knowledge, activization of innovations and economic reforms, modernization
of systems of social support and reform of formation. Thus necessity of the
decision of two primary goals is especially emphasized:
- Reception of a
maximum of innovative advantages due to national and all-European efforts in
support of researches;
- Creation of a
friendly environment for the beginning and developments of innovative business.
The
list of the used sources:
1. Silkina E.V.direction of the state innovative policy of the
various countries of the world. Materials of the international forum «
Innovative technologies and systems »:-Minsk: GU «Bel ISA», 2006. - 156 with. // htpp: // belisa.org.by
2. Shvecov
D.E.comparative the analysis of the state innovative policy of the countries of
world "triad" //<http: // geopub.narod.ru>
3. Tyurin
A.V.innovative financing as the factor of social and economic development of
the countries // Magazine « Financial management », 2004, ¹3<http: //
www.diplom.krsk.info/>
4. Kondratyev
E.V.Asian a vector of development of innovative sphere //<http: //
www.schumpeter.ru>