Yanenkova I.G.

Petro Mohyla Mykolaiv state university

POSSIBILITIES AND PRE-CONDITIONS OF CORPORATE STRUCTURES ORGANIZATIONAL RESOURCE USING IN PROVIDING INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY

The constituents of organizational resource of corporate structures are considered. Certainly main problems which interfere with becoming of terms of innovative menage and the ways of their decision are offered.

Formulating the problem. An obvious and well-proven fact - corporate sector of economy is the important constituent of the national innovative systems for today, the basic role of which consists in creation of progressive technologies on the base of own research-and-developments and in future market mastering of innovations. World’s leading countries experience shows that without creation of large national computer-integrated structures, there is a threat of transformation of domestic enterprises in peripheral production capacities for maintenance of international alliances, that negatively influences on country’s economic development and national safety.

A problem is that most theoretical and methodological aspects of corporate sector and management development, touch economic and financial questions. It means that the role of large corporations organizational resource is ignored. In particular, systematized knowledge about a construction and functioning of organizationally administrative mechanism of corporate development, determination of criteria of its influence on scientifically technological and innovative development on micro- and macrolevels are absent.

Publications analysis. A lot of answers we find in a scientific monograph [1] which is the result of system research of two problems: forming corporate sector and mechanisms of providing innovative orientation about it, that allowed authors to confirm a hypothesis in relation to the role of corporate structures as main organizational , financial, and economic resource of innovative model of economic growth.. Russian authors Anshin V.M., Dagaev a.A. [2, p.232] prove that it is possible considerably to promote efficiency of innovative activity, if to create new innovative subsections and morphons, what called to form new directions in activity of large enterprises. However out of eyeshot researchers there are questions in relation to meaningfulness of corporations organisational resource in providing economic development.

Task organization. From the system side a necessity is realization of research in relation to the exposure constituents of corporate structures organizational resource and determination the possible ways to open potential of large business while forming the national innovative system for its effective bringing in an innovative process.

Basic material summary. The detailed acquaintance with classics-economists works specifies on permanent attention to the phenomenon of corporations and their role in socio-economic development of countries. Yes, a prominent scientist D. Gelbreyt noticed that a determinant instrument for transformation the economic system should be supposed like not a separate managing subject ir the state, but modern corporation. It is taken as motive force of development, and the starting point of such development, according to his opinion, is a technology . Special value a scientist gives to the organization, seeing in it a factor which determines essence of modern large corporation, in particular, representing a large corporation not only in quality economic basis , he names it - the «designing system», but also as a social institute into which the mechanism of class differences leveling and permanent profits smoothing operates. [3].

In most cases system researches of corporations specify on its peculiarity, foremost, as to the type of organization, which is characterized by a certain corporate culture, proper degree of centralization and authoritarianness of guidance. In particular, well-known American scientist-economist R. Akoff [4] specifies corporation as on organization, and “... it primary objectives is a survival and growth. Income of corporation -, as oxygen for a living organism: necessity, but not essence of life”. Synergetics effect as a function of strengthening the action is a condition of corporation ability to survive, when an economy is in a state of slump, and to grow, when an economy is on getting up. However, corporation in majority cases is examined as organization which not simply puts certain goals, but also operates on public good, that goes with the principle of social responsibility.

In an institutional theory corporation is a result of growth of transactions which are caused by unefficient different external contracts. According to this theory, development of internal contracts as formal result of organization enlargement, both due to vertical, and on occasion, horizontal integration, take off most problems of external agreements and provide cutting of transaction costs. However, among different theories and conceptions about neoinstitutional economy [5] in explanation of the probed question positions of transactions charges conception have most advantage and theory of institutional changes arose up on the basis of the Nort’s known work. [6]. From these positions, a corporation as institute is the set of the norms and rules of doing business, which build up economic and social co-operation of members - participants of organization. Corporate norms and rules is a “result of difficult institutional process, in which, the efforts of all of participants of market co-operation, including the state and his citizens, the determinants of rational conduct are prodused for that of them, who, from the one side - worker or manager, or proprietor tied by internal contracts with organization with the clearly showed administrative limits. And from the other side – as a holder of interests, tied by external contracts – contracts which regulate a market exchange and use the ownership rights on the resources attracted by a corporation” [7]. Appearance of the special group of contract relations participants – shareholders, helps in displacement of accents: if in a classic firm a main conflict arose up between labour (by the hired workers) and capital (by proprietors), then in a corporation on the first side contradictions between a management (by managers – special group of the hired workers) and capital (by shareholders) go out.

The important constituent of organizational resource in corporations is a type of it organizational structure. So, in well-known A. Chandlers work [8], he after carrying out complex research of the large American firms, has selected the followings basic phases of co-operation between business and organizational firms structures: 1st phase: related to creation of capitals combinations, fastened mainly by property and financial copulas, - structures like cartels, trusts and holdings ( Н-form ); 2d phase – stipulated by consolidation of managing the capital. Dominant is strategy of vertical integration on all of technological chain, a functional organizational structure is forming, more attention is spared to the effective use of resources, own relations are maximally centralized ( U-form ); 3d phase - related to diversification of business, arrangement of resources between different businesses becomes problematic. Companies are fundamental reorganized and multydivisional organizational structure is inculcated. (M-form). A retrospective analysis shows that the structures of U-form and Н-form are prevailed in the corporations of the developed countries in the first half of XX century. Wide distribution the M-form structure got in the second half a XX century in the USA, but in Europe - only in 1970 years.

However, practice of nowadays shows that only with setting up the valuable vertically-integrated corporations, capable to fill the market with competitive products of final demand, their organizational structure is capable to provide the proper balance between the centralized and decentralized functions and interests. The main tendency of the modern stage of corporate development is passing ahead growth of market capitalization comparatively with a turn and income, increasing the market value of corporations, which determines the strategic purpose of business. There is forming of various and competent, more flexible masses (within the limits of integration processes), which cause the appearance a new type of the structure, – network organizations - aggregate of firms or specialized units, activity of which is coordinated by market mechanisms, system of orders on the supply of products and development of flexible mutual relations with other firms on the basis of using the modern information technologies [9]. Thus, there is a decline of stock form role control (holdings, cross stockholdings et) in the groups of businesses and increase of inside company’s supplies role, about what the practice of network companies testifies today, where a holding constituent in general goes out on the second plan, in that time as a system of internal markets becomes an integrating staple.

A retrospective analysis shows that the developed countries passed from the enterprises of the personified type to vertical integration, from the particular branch system to interbranch, from a line-processed economy to complex, from an estimation after intermediate results to the estimation after end-point of recreation, from primary technologies to high, from the successive chart of production organization to parallel, from an external economic type of centralization to the centralized economic system, built on the base of state corporate sector with a kernel as large interbranch corporations.

Researching the practice of becoming a corporate sector in Ukraine specify on existence of its primary form – joint-stock form of manage, where basic organizational aspects are: 1) from point of activation the investment-innovative activity, OEC have more advantages, because they are capable to attract facilities from many investors by the public replacing of shares, but they make only the third joint-stock a sector; 2) a lot of large state enterprises were regenerate in the process of privatization in closed joint-stock companies that not helps in the collecting of investments on most of these enterprises, as possibility of the public placing of shares and sale of shares of closed joint-stock companies is eliminated at the most efficient fund market which is presented with exchange stocks, transparency of information is absent about the activity of closed joint-stock companies ; 3) the state has the particle only in 1189 economic companies, that makes in 3,5% from an amount of corporations, but in Ukraine capital a particle of the state is more than 18% (shares produced at par value), here an ineffective management of corporate rights is observed in 45% of economic companies in the statutory capital of which a state particle exceeds 50% [1].

Researches show that now domestic companies are on the stage of searching the best structure which would be instrumental in rapid adaptation to the changeable economic situation. The problems of forming the mechanism of corporate management development goes out on the first side. Lack of information reduces amount of possibilities for complex research of computer-integrated corporate structures in a domestic economy and to establishment of the real conformities to the regularity of their development. Therefore the priority for future researches is finding ways of increasing the role of business groups in wide mobilization of investments to the modernization of domestic industry, including regional level. For a providing an effective innovative activity as a result of high dynamic of innovative processes, variant and high degree of vagueness in making decisions in a corporation must be developed an innovations control system, which foresees certain strategy and tactic which would provide the maximal use of potential in the enterprises. A rational technical policy is necessary, but the long-term scientifically grounded innovative policy which leans on the innovative strategy. Such innovative strategy materializes in the program, which takes into consideration a perspective purpose, choice of ways and facilities of its realization.

According to the World bank determination, a corporate management is a system of selected and appointed organs, which manage activity of corporation, protect interests of proprietors and are directed on providing of maximally possible income from all of types of activity of corporation within the limits of current law. The scales of corporation activity grew so much, that did direct or indirect participants of corporate relations as considerable part of society. Therefore consent with expert opinion, that it is necessary to examine a corporate management in the wide understanding as a system of providing the legal interests of all participants of corporate relations, that all persons, interested in corporation activity (shareholders, managers, workers, creditors, state, users, public) which finds a reflection in the relations of corporate control. According to national Principles of corporate management, ratified DKCPFR, essence of corporate management is a system of relations between investors - proprietors of company, his managers, and interested persons for providing an effective activity of company, equilibrium of influence and balance of participants interests of corporate relations. So, this determination also is the variant of the extended interpretation of corporate management.

A retrospective analysis shows that key description which corporate case of the developed countries frames are classified after is a mechanism of controling proprietors-shareholders by the activity of corporation managers, which leans on the internal or external methods of control. Methods of internal control, it is direct control from the side of shareholders on the basis of using of voting right on shareholders' meetings; a representation in the directors boards, and methods of external control are legal norms which determine functions and responsibility of directors of corporation; functioning of the developed fund market; mechanism of hostile takeover; ineffective workings companies bankruptcies. The last two mechanisms exactly provide the redistribution of ownership rights in the case of ineffective control from the side of shareholders. Effectiveness of such mechanism depends on that, how much it is easy for dissatisfied shareholders to sell shares, that means how perfect and effective this market is. Developed stock market allows dissatisfied activity of corporation not only to sell the shares but also transfer control by a company to the best managers (through the mechanism of takeover).

The modern state of corporate management in Ukraine is characterized by the low level of corporate culture, by disparity of existent practice of such management to the generally accepted principles, by insufficient co-ordination of government’s actions in the field of corporate relations, by inefficiency of management constitutional corporate laws. An opacity of corporation’s activity, failure in following by them requirements in relation of opening the information, ignoring the interests of shareholders in making administrative decisions, and also violation legal rights and interests of shareholders from the side of guidance should be referred to the basic problems at this sphere . In general the process of domestic corporate model forming is carried out under influence of the followings basic factors: by the results of privatization during which main shareholders of the state enterprises became laborers and managers, and the corporations became a legal form of privatized enterprises; undeveloped stock market, that does not allow shareholders to use the external methods of control; dividing shareholders’ capital; absence of clear and the simply legislative norms for allotment reliable and sufficient information the shareholders, which stimulates them to increase amount of shares with the purpose to get more information and possibility to watch after activity of management; weak legal defense shareholders’ rights; high level of the capital assets of domestic corporations tearing down , that stipulates a requirement in the considerable volumes of long-term capital investments; instability of macroeconomic situation and investment climate which predetermines large risks for potential shareholders; an insignificant part of investors in industrial companies corporate’s capital.

It should be noted that a problem of intellectual capital management is actual not only in the domestic economic system. After some estimations, 42% of corporate knowledge make the personnel intellect, not fixed on the data mediums. And researches of Swedish research organization, which investigated the spheres of knowledge management showed that the real application is used only 20% of knowledge which are owned by the workers of companies. It means that only increasing the efficiency of knowledge management within the limits of enterprise will allow to raise the productivity, accelerate the rates of growth, increase an income and strengthen competitive advantages. Knowledge is assets, it means, they need to be managed as well as all of assets. If to examine a man as a corporate capital, then studies are increasing of this capital.

Another organizational resource constituent of modern corporate structures there is a mechanism of realization the social responsibility principle. In the conditions of forming the civilized market rules the question of transference the part of responsibility for implementation the social obligations by a company on a corporation becomes more actual. Forming the adequate socially oriented model system of relations between a corporation, state and company requires the proper change of approaches the social responsibility from the participants of this system. World experience testifies about possibilities of using the different approaches to implementation the state social obligations. Yes, the model of the so-called USA market capitalism is based on the exceptionally regulate function of the state in the field of population defence. USA corporations take additional responsibility for social development of the collectives. The European social standards of corporations are based on equal responsibility of the state and corporations for social development. Corporations, through activation of charity projects, take part in social development of the territories. Well-known American magazine Fortune made rating of most social responsible companies of the world in which eleven first places were taken by the European corporations. The East-Asiatic command model of capitalism is built on a consensus between the basic groups of businesses and foresees transference on business all the responsibility for social country population development.

There are different models of corporation social responsibility. In particular, the system of corporations not productional relations consists of relationships with the government, relationships with other regulative and supervisory organs, with a society, with ecological department etc. The structures of administrative character adjust, control and monitor the corporation’s activity. Practice shows that unifying approaches to the activity on the different countries markets, corporation sometimes become the violators of the ethics rules accepted in these countries: take place the worsening of labour force terms, age-old limits of hiring people on the proper positions, working over the norm, limitation of payments benefits, bonuses etc, take a place. Corporations especially actively get to those countries, in which except the considerable existing of internal markets, cheapness of labour force and natural resources, the standards of obligations absent in relation to a society on the whole, which influence on the decline of activity operating efficiency. That’s why in the last years the governments of the most world countries pull out a requirement about the necessity of establishment the rules and standards with the purpose to defence the rights and interests of the citizens. Corporations activity adjusting is carried out, in a greater measure, at national level by the system of internal norms and standards which will nurse from internal economic, ecological position of country and development of society on the whole. Appropriately, that the obligations of TNC in relation to these national norms and standards substantially differ in the countries of the world, which is good stimulus with other additional advantages of activity sphere expansion in these countries and receiving of additional efficiency.

It should be noted that in the conditions of development of corporate sector in Ukraine reasons of corporations to social activity are dictated by mainly economic and social advantages, the most important among which is: long-term fixing of labour force; increase of level of competitiveness; encouragement of workers devotion to philosophy of corporation; an increase of corporation status in a society; creation of the ethics system of relations into a corporation and in relationships with the external interested subjects (suppliers, buyers, public organs but other). For social development of company public institutions and businesses take responsibility in Ukraine. As a result of the expert questioning of businesses, conducted by Institute of sociology, these are the factors that most interfere with realization of social projects by them: imperfection of normatively legal base and tax legislation; financial insolvency of organization; low level of guidance of organization; personal unwillingness of guidance of organization; etc.

Conclusions. Thus, for strengthening organizational resource influence of corporations on the process of economic development on innovative basis the adequate methods of state participation must be formed in adjusting and management, economical legal norms, governed, regulators. In particular, to the economic institutes it is possible to take the followings priority forms of state participation in economy: government economic control, development of the system of the government programs; stimulation and support of favourable and stable terms for development of the most effective forms of the concentrated production and integration with a financial capital; effective state property management; adjusting financial markets development and their infrastructure; antimonopoly adjusting and stimulation of competition, control after natural monopolies activity. Adequate actions must take place from the side of corporate structures, in particular, introduction of principles of corporate management and observance of their realization terms; choice of optimum and effective organizational structure of corporations and determination of the proper communications model both between separate subsections and with the subjects of external environment; forming of social capital of organization and realization of strategic aims is in the context of social responsibility.

List of literature

1. Corporate structures in the national innovative system of Ukraine. Monograph. /Fedulovа L.I.- K.: Institute of economy and forecasting. NAN of Ukraine, 2007. – p. 824.

2.Innovative management: Conceptions, strategics and mechanism: Uchebnoe of innovative development /Tutorial / V.M. Anshina, A.A. Dagaeva. – M.: Delo, 2006. – p. 584 .

3. Gelbreyt D. New industrial society. – M.: Progress, 1969. – p. 486

4. Akoff R. New corporation planning. – M.: Progress, 1985. – p. 382

5. Oleynik A.N. Institutional economy: Tutorial. – M.: INFRA-M, 2000. – p. 486 .

6. Nort D. Institutional changes: scopes of analyse //Questions of economy. – 1997 № 3. – p. 28-34.

7. Dynamics of corporate development / D.G. Dubrovskiy, O.A. Romanova, A.I.Tatarkin, I.N. Tkachenko. – M.: Science, 2004. – p. 502 .

8. Chadler A. D. Jr. Strategy of and structure: Chapters of in the history of the of American of industrial enterprise. - Cambridge, Mass, and of London: MIT Press, 1962.

9. Patyurel R. Creation networking organizational structures// Problems of theory and practiсe in management. – 1997. - № 3. – p. 35-38