Economics/Regional economy

Doctor of economic Sciences Kruglov V.N.

Institute of management, business and technology, Kaluga, Russia

The cluster mechanism of innovative transformation of the economy

The phenomenon of concentration in a limited area of companies in the same industry or to form a single production chain was investigated and was first called "economic cluster" Harvard Professor and economist Michael porter in 1980-ies. Clustering it is identified as one of the most important ways to increase business competitiveness by optimizing production chains. While residents of the same cluster are with each other in complex ways: on the one hand, the elements of symbiosis and division of labour, on the other hand, competition and rivalry [1, p.293].

During the Soviet era in our country planned way was created many industrial clusters (back then they were called "territorial production complexes" - TLC). However, to innovative clusters, it seems that the planning procedure order of formation do not apply. Here in the first place should be the initiative of the local business community.

In 2012 the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation approved a list of 25 selected by competition areas, which with the support of the state will be formed "regional innovation clusters". Money for this from the Federal budget it was supposed to release on 5 billion per year for five years. Subsequently, however, the amount decreased to 1.3 billion and the money the government is going to allocate with an important caveat: the region should confirm the importance of the cluster to the territory not only in words but in deeds - by with funding from its budget [2, p.337].

Cluster development policy is in line with the big trend of decentralization of the economy. When it became clear that economic resources evenly throughout the country not to distribute, there is a need to identify points of growth, around which on a sectoral or regional basis could be competitive competence.

From the point of view of public administration cluster as macroeconomic unit is much easier to deal with than loose players (specific enterprises, research institutes, universities), sometimes requiring point support: you can just think about the development of entire areas, hard and soft infrastructure. Subject only to the condition that the cluster is not completely artificial obra-use, which is devised to get the budget.

A typical example of the cluster that is formed around a large science - Biotechnology innovation territorial cluster Pushchino. The city is already well-established scientific brand, globally recognized center of biotech, where densely populated with about 30% of scientists specializing in this field. The potential of such a kernel is obvious, however, this site has limitations: it is impossible to develop a manufacturing company, since the city is located on the territory of the reserve. His development of this cluster sees of extraterritoriality, opening branches in the regions. The very same Pushchino in these plans play the role of R & d center for the entire cluster [3, p. 376].

But directly copy successful examples is impossible, because everything depends on the characteristics of the area. Therefore, the needs of clusters of even one and the same line are significantly different. For example, if you take the biopharmaceutical industry and look at the different regional clusters, we will see a completely different model. For example, in Kaluga, the main purpose of the cluster is the relevant investors, so there is a significant role played by regional authorities, and the main function of the cluster is development.

In Moscow an important growth point of the cluster is the area of R & d, so there is a focus on the management of scientific projects, interaction with small research groups. St. Petersburg cluster, which are also included in the "favorites list", sees its role in the formation of partnerships between domestic investors and city authorities for the implementation of specific projects [4, p. 332].

However, most involved in the process want to know how the government intends to encourage the participation of large companies in the activities of regional clusters. According to residents, weak domestic demand for innovative products is one of the main problems of development of small and medium-sized innovative companies. You must create an adequate system of monitoring of cluster initiatives. And ideally, to monitor in real time the dynamics of the growth cluster formations, as well as to analyze situations that hinder their development. This practice already exists in Europe, where in 2007 he founded the European surveillance system for cluster development (The European Cluster Observatory). It's an online platform that provides unified access to information about clusters and cluster policy in the European States. Under this system created a tool for mapping clusters to track statistics of employment and the performance of nearly two thousand clusters in 32 European countries [5, p.359].

However, the European cluster too successful very selectively. In Russia the expected positive effect in most regions even harder. Though, because usually the industry, which is formed cluster policy, do not possess competitive advantages. And try to use the political decision to create these advantages looks pretty utopian. If the business does not invest, and takes the money, what kind of cluster development can speak? All additional measures to support innovative development is appropriate only when all the government's strategy is aimed at supporting business.

Literature

1. Vasilieva N.A., Kruglov V.N. Investment provision of innovative development of the region. /Nautilia, Wonkroom//Audit and financial analysis. - 2013. № 1. – p. 292-297.

2. Vasilieva N.A., Kruglov V.N. Economic and social aspects of implementation of priority national projects in the region (on the example of Kaluga region). /Nautilia, Wonkroom// Audit and financial analysis. - 2013. № 3. – p.336-351.

3. Kruglov V.N., Leontiev L.S. problems of innovative development of small business in the Russian Federation. /Laselahttema, Wonkroom// Audit and financial analysis. - 2013. № 3. – p.374-379.

4. Kruglov V.N., Leontiev L.S. Path resource provision of innovative development of economy. /Laselahttema, Wonkroom// Audit and financial analysis. - 2013. № 4. – p.326-333.

5. Kruglov V.N., Leontiev L.S. Scenario conditions of formation of the forecasted development of the region. /Laselahttema, Wonkroom// Audit and financial analysis. - 2013. № 5. – p.358-367.