UDK. 81’373
Phraseology
as a subsystem of language
Toleshova Mukhabbat
Toleshovana
SKSU named after M.Auezov
Shymkent (Kazakhstan)
Annotation: in Kazakh, English is that the
usage of proverbs in speech is very important. The correct usage of these
proverbs is also important, while translating any other work of art we should
pay close attention to this point, and that is the reason of the study of the
theme we have taken under discussion. So express any idea or plot of the work
in translation as in original demands a person's high skill and deep knowledge.
Translator ought to know the rules of translation, furthermore the history,
slang, life, customs and traditions of the people whose language he / she
translating into.
Key words: phraseology, phraseology units,
lexicology, phraseological equivalents
Kazakhstan is called young state because the youth is
a half of its population.
Kazakhstan pays special
attention to the
younger generation and
it will be
strengthened year by
year. Our president
Nursultan Nazarbaev marked that
the “ youth is not
only the hope
and future but
also a decisive force of
today and tomorrow” . Today the government pays
great attention to
the younger generation
and ensuring in
all stages of
educational process the
training of high
skilled physically healthy
and mentally rich
personal that can take
worthy place in
the society. Our president believes us that’s
why we, young
people, students should
work hard, should
study well, in
order to justify
our presidents confidence.
All the doors
to the youth are open
if they want
to develop their
knowledge they may go
to any foreign country to
study, to improve
their knowledge. All
opportunists are given
for the youth.
Phraseology appeared in the domain of lexicology and is undergoing the process of
segregating as a separate branch of linguistics.
The reason is clear – lexicology deals with words and their meanings, whereas
phraseology studies such collocations
of words (phraseologisms, phraseological units, idioms), where the meaning of
the whole collocation is different from the simple sum of literal meanings of
the words, comprising a phraseological unit. F.e. ‘Dutch auction’ is not an
auction taking place in Netherlands. The meaning of this phraseological unit
refers to any auction, where instead of rising, the prices fall (compare “Dutch
comfort”, “Dutch courage”, “Dutch treat” reflecting complicated historical
factors).Phraseological units are
(according to Prof. Kunin A.V.) stable word-groups with partially or fully
transferred meanings ("to kick the bucket", “Greek gift”, “drink till
all's blue”, “drunk as a fiddler (drunk as a lord, as a boiled owl)”, “as mad
as a hatter (as a march hare)”).According to Rosemarie Gläser, a phraseological unit is a lexicalized, reproducible
bilexemic or polylexemic word group in common use, which has relative syntactic
and semantic stability, may be idiomatized, may carry connotations, and may have an emphatic
or intensifying function in a text [Gläser 1998: 125] .
By phraseology I mean the branch of
linguistics dealing with stable word- combinations characterized by certain
transference of meaning.
Despite differences of opinion, most
authors agree upon some points concerning the distinctive features of
phraseological units, such as:
1.
Integrity (or transference) of
meaning means that none of the idiom components is separately associated with
any referents of objective reality, and the meaning of the whole unit cannot be
deduced from the meanings of its components;
2.
Stability (lexical and grammatical)
means that no lexical substitution is possible in an idiom in comparison with
free or variable word-combinations (with an exception of some cases when such
substitutions are made by the author intentionally). The experiments conducted
in the 1990s showed
that, the
meaning of an idiom is not exactly identical to its literal paraphrase given in
the dictionary entry. That is why we may speak about lexical flexibility of
many units if they are used in a creative manner. Lexical stability is usually
accompanied by grammatical stability which prohibits any grammatical changes;
3.
Separability means that the
structure of an idiom is not something indivisible, certain modifications are
possible within certain boundaries. Here we meet with the so-called lexical and
grammatical variants. To illustrate this point I shall give some examples:
"as hungry as a wolf (as a hunter)", "as safe as a house (houses)" in
English, «êàê (áóäòî, ñëîâíî, òî÷íî) â âîäó îïóøåííûé», «îñåäëàòü ñâîåãî (ëþáèìîãî) êîíüêà», «ðàñêèäûâàòü óìîì (ìîçãàìè) Ðàñêèíóòü (ïîðàñêèíóòü) óìîì (ìîçãàìè)» in
Russian.
4.
Expressivity and emotiveness means
that idioms are also characterized by stylistic colouring. In other words, they
evoke emotions or add expressiveness.
On the whole
phraseological units, even if they present a certain pattern, do not generate
new phrases. They are unique.
Interlanguage comparison, the aim of
which is the exposure of phraseological conformities, forms the basis of a
number of theoretical and applied trends of modern linguistic research,
including the theory and practice of phraseography. But the question of
determining the factors of interlanguage phraseological conformities as the
main concept and the criterion of choosing phraseological equivalents and
analogues as the aspect concepts is still at issue.
The analysis of special
literature during the last decades shows that the majority of linguists
consider the coincidence of semantic structure, grammatical (or syntactical)
organization and componential (lexeme) structure the main criteria in defining
the types of interlanguage phraseological conformities/disparities with the
undoubted primacy of semantic structure.
The status of the bulk of
word-groups however cannot be decided with certainty with the help of these
criteria because as a rule we have to deal not with ñîmp1ete idiomaticity and stability but with a
certain degree of these distinguishing features of phraseological units. No
objective criteria of the degree of idiomaticity and stability have as yet been
suggested. Thus, e.g., to win a victory according to the semantic
approach is a phraseological combination because it is almost completely
motivated and allows of certain variability to win, to gain, a victory.
According to the functional approach it is not a phraseological unit as the
degree of semantic and grammatical inseparability is insufficient for the word-group
to function as a word-equivalent. Small hours according to the
contextual approach it is literal meaning. If however we classify it proceeding
from the functional approach is a word-groups which are partially motivated is
decided differently depending on which of the criteria of phraseological units
is applied.
In
Conclusion I
can say that
distinguishing between free – word
groups and phraseological units its further
complicated by the
existence of a
great number of
marginal cases so
called: Semi fixed or
semi – free word groups,
also called non – phraseological word
groups which share
with phraseological units,
their structural stability
but lack their
semantic unity and
figurativeness.
Bibliography
1. Gläser, Rosemarie. The Stylistic Potential of Phraselolgical Units
in the Light of Genre Analysis // Phraselogy. Ed. A.P.Cowie. – Oxford:
Clarendon Press. 1998
2. Knappe, Gabriele. Idioms and Fixed
Expressions in English Language Study before 1800. – Peter Lang, 20041. Amasova N.N. “Osnovi Angliskoy
Fraziologii” L – 1963
3. Arnold I.V. “The English
Word” M – 1985
4. Bershadskaya F.M.
“ Frazeologicheskaye
yedenitsi rechi” diss. kand.
fil . nouk. L – 1972
5. Collins. V.H. “ A book
of English Idioms” L – 1960.
6. Morozova N. N. “ English lexicology”
M – 1983
7. www.bohemika.com – Phraseological combinations and fusions.
8. www.schwabe.ch – Phraseological Units.