SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF KAZAKHSTAN YOUTH LABOR MARKET

Alimbaeva S.K., candidate of sociological sciences
Taraz, Taraz State University named after M. H. Dulaty

The problem of formation of the youth labor market in conditions of Kazakhstan society upgrades today becomes a strategic priority. The labor market is the most important sphere of social life, which determines the rate of progressive development of any society. At the same time, the labor market is one of the most complex socio-economic systems, which only begins its formation in an independent Kazakhstan society.

Youth labor market has its own specifics, which consists in the fact that, firstly, the socialization of the most socially active and able-bodied population of the society takes place in the process of its formation, which is a reinforcing factor in the relevance of these problems, and secondly, efficiently organized labor market contributes to solve the problem of youth employment and reduce social tension in society.

In his message, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stressed that we can turn Kazakhstan into a "regional locomotive" of economic development - and as such it already is in many ways - and make it successful "player" of the world economy. We need to have the minimum program and the maximum program to search for and develop real Kazakhstan "niches". And a niche is a low level of young people participation in the economic development of Kazakhstan [1].

Many people with higher education, do not find the application of their knowledge into practice. The effective ways to include young people in the labor market have not yet found. New economic conditions require of the young the existence of serious "seed money" - financial, material, durable stock of experience, knowledge, and a wide range of role behavior in specific situations. But this is just what the youth of today is often missing.

The problem of employment and unemployment among young people today is rather urgent because young people are constantly concerned about the threat of unemployment problem, which is the main reason that exacerbate social tensions among the youth.

The problem of employment is a "headache" for young people. They begin to think about it from their student years. Many students, future professionals, believe that the job search process will last a long time and with the application of much effort. Queries of the young for future work and level of qualification obtained at the university, acquired professional knowledge, skills and experience do not always meet the requirements of the labor market.

It should be noted that youth unemployment remains high, despite a trend to increase employment and reduce unemployment. Chances of getting prestigious, high-paying jobs for many young people are limited to high tuition fees; today at least 80% of young people pay for their education. With the modernization of society the role of higher education in the values of young people increased, however, the motives of occupational choices, which are dominated by the prestige and material gain change, which causes the need for effective vocational orientation work to eliminate disparities between the predominant choice of the humanitarian and economic disciplines and the real needs of the state in specialists of technical and production areas.

Today, unemployment is a social and psychological problem. Losing a job affects the living standards of the population, causes serious psychological trauma, contributes to the emergence of social tension in society. The prolonged state of social disorder often pushes young man on the path of deviation.

Sociological studies have shown that most young people concerned about the employment problem are in the Almaty region (69.6%), fewer in Kyzylorda (24.2%). Moreover, urban youth (53.2%) is more worried about employment issues in a well-paid job than rural youth (47.4%).

Young people mostly solve their problems on their own and within their own capabilities. Almost every second respondent is trying to do it within the law, despite the difficulties. Only a limited number of them (20-25%) are trying to find a job with the help of parents, relatives, or rely on the state.

The greatest number of young people (80%) are potentially willing to labor migration abroad. The priority countries for those willing to leave are the U.S. and Western Europe.

If the problem of labor (employment) in developed societies is greatest in front of low-skilled workers, in Kazakhstan, it is faced by specialists with higher education. The consequence of this process is the loss of professional qualifications or degradation of some young people expressed in the deprofessionalization. In our opinion, the high level of youth unemployment is a result of the current system of training in educational institutions and its non-compliance to the needs of today's training. Currently, there is devaluation of knowledge and skills. In 2009, the share of unemployed with higher education amounted to 23.4%, secondary vocational education - 24.9%, secondary - 37.4% [2]. But the president has made the emphasis on "smart" economy.

Alarmingly, many young people today are included in the criminal business. Their specific weight in criminal activities now account for 60%.
Most sociologists note the dependence of social relationships in a family of unemployment, the unemployed often have conflicts arise between parents and children.

Economists believe the jobless rate from 1% to 3% is quite admissible, in the presence of 5% of this index the economy is able to survive, but 7% is a socially dangerous level, which should not be allowed. In this regard, it should be noted that in Kazakhstan, according to the 2010 unemployment rate was 5.8%, it means overcoming the social and dangerous level. Reduction of ten-year period was 7%. Effects of unemployment may be worsening and even social unrest, if its size exceeds the permissible level. Such critical value is believed the rate of unemployment at 10-12%.

The new stage of development of the state, which has successfully expanded computerization, the Internet, telecommunications, suggests the emergence of new jobs, new professions. In the minds of young people in these circumstances approaches to training, mobility and adaptability should change, young people need to take into account the standards of the world economy and to preserve the historic traditions and ethical labor standards and values of their people.

Of a large number of directions for improving the functioning of the youth labor market, I would like to draw your attention to some of them. The problem of unemployment among young people requires the use of special attention for its immediate solution. Borrowing the experience of foreign countries in this area is also appropriate for our state. For example, in Finland, companies who recruit young people under 20 years, get a government grant. In Ireland, they reduce taxes, provided the employment of young people. In France and Great Britain at the expense of retirement pensioners appear free workplaces that are sure to make young people. In addition, the French established a fund to support young people, who transferred to 1% of payroll. In Belgium, in companies with a workforce of more than 50 people the youth must be at least 2% of all staff working at this company [3].

In recent years, Kazakhstan has taken some steps to change youth policy for the better. The program "Youth of Kazakhstan - 2009" was initiated, which allowed to form a systemic vision of the state youth policy. The position of "Zhasyl-el" and student construction teams has been strengthening more and more every year [4]. As you know, Kazakhstan is in the process of urbanization of population, including young people. "Nur Otan" has initiated a program to solve the problems of rural youth, entitled "Baspana", which aims at creating a system of adaptation of young people, consisting of three parameters: the hostel, education, and work. Through this system it is supposed to create a scheme helping rural youth to adapt to city life. [5] This is why the further development of case studies of youth labor market, the use of research in social planning and forecasting, continuous improvement of youth policy in the workplace are the necessary prerequisites for providing real assistance to millions of young people entering employment.

Thus, the youth labor market, as a social institution, in the context of globalization represents a stable social youth group, which has advantages compared with other social groups, because it has a great ability to change and rapid development of new skills.

Sociological aspect of studies of this problem on the basis of theoretical and reliable empirical data can help resolve a number of issues involving young people in the civilized market relations, as required by the laws of time and socio-economic development of society. It is also important to determine the future needs of society in a new type of experts, to identify problems related to their training, employment, etc.

Young people are those elements which in the future will form a promising job market. And this is only possible if the young generation will have the opportunity to work in accordance with its interests and needs.

At the present stage of development of Kazakhstan's economy requires a growing number of highly educated, creative and competitive young people. It is this segment of the population most prone to the development of innovative industries that will provide the solution of problems in the labor market the most efficient way.

Youth is the real strength of this country, that is its richest labour potential, on which the progressive development of society depends. Therefore, government policy in relation to the younger generation should be designed to provide effective upbringing, full training and education. Hopefully in the near future our youth will be worthy to have a real chance to realize their own capabilities and ideals.

The used literature.

1. N.A. Nazarbayev. Kazakhstan on the threshold of a new leap forward in its development. Message from the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan. - Astana: Elorda, 2006. - P.25-35

2. Kazakhstan in 2009. Statistical bulletin / edited by A.A. Smailov. - Astana: Republic of Kazakhstan Agency on Statistics, 2010. - 503 p.

3. Zh.Keribaiuly. The problem of youth upbringing requires a complex decision // Ak Zhol. – 2001. – January 20.

4. "Zhastar" is almost like "Oscar" // Kazakhstan Pravda. - 2006. - November 24.

5. With faith in tomorrow // Kazakhstan Pravda. - 2006. - 28 October.