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Usachev V.A.,Zikunova N.E

Donetsk Natioinal University of Economiks and Trade named after Tugan-Baranovsky

Industrial Revolution in England

In the late 17th century in England after the Revolution, finally put an end to feudalism, established bourgeois-democratic political system, mainly continued to exist in our time. But she had England won the struggle for supremacy on the seas in the 16th century Spain, in the 17th century, Holland in the 18th century, France has become a global superpower. Being a small country, it became the center of a vast colonial empire, which included nearly all of North America, India and other regions. This meant an influx of new capital into the British industry and the growing demand for British manufactured goods. Unprecedented in the history of European mass armies and navies, which have served hundreds of thousands of people, generated massive demand for specific English standardized products (tissue specific varieties for different uniformirovannoy clothes soldiers arms, uniform buttons, boots, helmets, standard bayonets, rifles and ammunition of the same caliber, and so on). Especially the demand for cotton fabrics for underwear. British cotton industry born British colonial empire (cotton from the British colony of India and North America) in a bitter competitive struggle woolen industry, which managed to win over to win due to higher demand and lower prices. Mismatch manual technology increased demand for cotton fabrics resolved introduction of machines. First mechanized cotton spinning process (tulle machine S.Kramptona, 1783). As the yarn was more urgently needed power loom, which was invented in 1785 by E. Cartwright. New machine replaces 40 weavers, demanded more than 30 years for its wide use in the production, which was explained by the high price and the beginning of its resistance to the weavers, whose work it replaced. After the mechanization of spinning and weaving the need arose in the minds of the universal motor, which does not depend on the forces of nature (such as a water wheel.) This engine was a steam engine, created by James Watt (patented in 1784). In the same year built the first steam-spinning factory. The steam engine was truly universal use in industry, and a little later, and transportation.The use of machines has caused a sharp increase in demand for the metal. Constrained by the lack of development of the industry of charcoal, and the use of coal has turned poor quality metal. In 1784 the Court invented the puddling furnace, which provided steel iron with mineral oil, and his invention of a pressure roller enabling production of metal products desired configuration. Labour productivity in industry because of these inventions has increased 15-fold.Progress of metallurgy, in turn, contributed to the rapid development of the English coal industry. In mines there rails ("tram") for horse hauling coal. The combination of rail and steam engine gave the railroad. The first locomotive was created by George Stephenson v1814 year and railways in 1824, a mechanized water transport on the basis of the inventive American H. Fulton steamer appeared earlier. The emergence of the railways and to create the basis of stable communication between the various economic regions and industries caused a radical change in the economic life of the country.One of the recent problems of the industrial revolution was the construction of factory machines themselves: an entirely new industry, mechanical engineering. This was aided by the creation of the main types of machine tools, lathes (G.Modeli, 1798) and planer (Brahm, 1802). The creation of factory machinery (first half of the 19th century) and culminated in a technological revolution the economy of England. If in 1800 in England, employs 320 steam engines, then a quarter of a century, more than 15 thousand.The coup took place not only in technology: in England formed the structure of bourgeois industrial society. With the help of cheap manufactured goods bourgeoisie destroyed the handicraft industry. Emergence of new industrial centers and in the middle of the 19th century almost half of England was employed in the industry. The main producer of a textile worker, and a place at the head of the merchant took the fabric of bourgeois society. Industrial revolution, as the shift from the manufacturing to the car, the factory, the production stage was the real revolution that takes place in the history of each country only once. The first in the history of mankind English Factory industry took a unique position in the world economy. During the Napoleonic Wars and the continental blockade of England by France and its dependent states access to the mainland of British cars to a halt, and therefore the modernization of European industry is very delayed. After the defeat of Napoleon, when the continental countries have returned to the world economic development, British industry has moved forward quickly and compete with it for the time being excluded. Cost of British industrial goods produced machines continuously decreasing. Pound paper yarn, which in 1788 was worth 35 shillings in 1800 is worth nine shillings, and in 1833 decreased to 3 shillings. This decrease in prices, of course, provided the most comprehensive English products, truly global, market. The most vulnerable point in the British economy was dependent on grain imports. Thanks fencing Britain has become a country of unlimited domination of the big landowners, and although much of the land leased by farmers, entrepreneurs, the country's needs in the bread does not cover. However the British farming is under the protection of agricultural protectionism to benefit large landowners. According to the "bread" of the Act of 1815, the import of grain in the country permitted, unless the domestic price is higher than 82 shillings per quarter. This is a "beater" and the workers and the bourgeoisie, as the high cost labor, and did not contribute to the export of British manufactured goods, which in response to the corn duties levied abroad by high customs duties. English people hated Corn Laws abolished in 1864. Repeal of the Corn Laws was the basis of a new, yet unknown in the world of economic policy of unrestricted freedom of trade, which is a hundred years later became the foundation of European economic integration.