*Lykholat U.V., **Filimonikhina O.H.
*Dnepropetrovsk national university named after Oles Gonchar,
**Kirovograd national
technical university
Possibile ways of using of
phytocenosis against underflooding in the towns of Central Ukraine at the
example of Kirovohrad
Such scientists as Dudnic S.V., Lykholat U.V., Cabanov A.V., Covalchouc
N.P. [2-4,6] and others dealt with the formation of stable phytocenosis of
cleansing purpose in the city. Degtyar O.V. [1] have
studied ecological restoration of steppe communities in order to suppress water
erosion and deflation. Racova’s work [7] is devoted to
the fight against deflation by protective forest zones.
In
the centre of Ukraine there are lots of territories that are found in
low-laying areas. They are partially built. Buildings border with park areas,
wastelands, meadows, afforestations and etc. There is a seasonal raising level
of ground waters is observed in such territories and as a result –
underflooding of adjoining building and building. For example, total floor area
of Kirovograd city is 10332 ha, and area of uderflooding is 414.5 ha according to the
earth mechanism. One may ask – is it possible to form firm phytocenosis in
order to decline the level of ground waters in these territories. Creation
of phytocenosis in order to reduce the level of ground waters was named as the method of biological drainage and
is widely used in the countries of Central Asia [10]. Thanks to the powerful charges of moisture, forest removes the surplus
moistening, housing on excessively humidified plains, using them in a productive way [9].
Literature
that is given today shows that it hasn’t been inspected the possibility of
forming of phytocenosis against the underflooding processes in the Central part
of Ukraine. Besides it hasn’t been defined the role of natural vegetations, that crucially appeared at self-overgrowing, or people planted themselves, in order o reduce the level of ground
waters. Researches would give an opportunity to select the arboreal and grassy plants in order to create highly productive
phytocenosis, which would affect water favorably, balance of the territory.
This paper shows the influence of trees and grass canopy on water balance of
underflooding territories and possibility of forming phytocenosis is observed
as well that will increase efficiency of phytomelioration.
Most
researches show not so sufficient differences in reducing the moisture among
arboreal plants and forests and meadows until the water-supply is not a
limiting factor [9]. Despite quantitative indexes of expenditure
of water, the arboreal and grassy forms of plants have different mechanism of
influence on water balance of the territory. We will observe separately the hydrological role of forests
and meadows.
1. Mechanism of trees influence on water balance, their role
in phytocenosis. The
mechanism of influence of arboreal plants on water balance consists of the
following factors [9,13]:
1)
detention by the
coma of trees and evaporation of precipitations;
2)
reduction of superficial runoff and influence on distributing of snow;
3)
influence on ground waters.
We will consider these
factors in detail.
1. It
is known, that addition of ground waters due to precipitations results in
wedging of stagnant moisture out [13]. So the less amount of
precipitations get in soil, so the better it would be reflected on water
balance of underflooding territories. Staying power of coma relies on a kind
and breed of trees and orientation of branches as well. So the coniferous
detain the greater quantity of precipitations comparing with the leafy
planting, for example fir-tree 53,4 %, birch – 24,7 %, aspen –26,6 %. When
direction of branches go higher and trunk runoff is expanded, that facilitates
penetration of moisture in soil though pineries detain only 17,4 % of precipitations.
Leafy forests of beech and linden-tree detain precipitations more than birch
and aspen planting.
It should be taken into consideration
that coma of separately planted trees delay moisture from 8–13 % more than in forests [9].
Thus when selecting trees it
should be taken into consideration that ones that have long
coma and to pay attention on forested territory in order to plant that trees in definite distance, preventing
closing of
coma.
2. Forest circulates 80–100 % superficial runoff in internal soil.
There are some definite reasons which operate positively on reduction of
runoff. Among them the following should be mentioned: snow in a forest melts
slowerly, than on the open air; soil has time to thaw until the moment of
melting; the forest bedding absorbs in 5–6 times much water, than its mass; physical
properties of forest soils provide penetration capacity of water and it allows
to transpire a superficial runoff in internal soils.
There
are more snow accrues in the open arias than on forested territory. It is explained by the fact that
much amount of snow lingered over coma and due to sublimation goes back into
the atmosphere. Besides, in a forest the snow is distributed evenly. And in the
open arias appear enormous snowdrifts because of the wind, and in other areas–
ground is barely covered by snow.
Due
to the facts mentioned above, we can make a conclusion that arboreal vegetation
is a natural drainage. Thanks’ to slow thawing of snow vegetation prevents
stagnant processes and erosion of soil as well.
3. The level of ground waters under a forest keeps itself
low, than on the neighboring parts of cut-over area. It is explained by the
expenditure of moisture by a forest on its transpiration. According to Cramer [11] maximal absorption of
water of vegetation takes by 70–80 % of coverage. Influence
of thinning forest planting can be obviously quite different,
but results show that: reductions of vegetation expand the water supply, and
renewal of forest was accompanied by his reduction. In
the north of the country
numerous facts are known how to increase ground
waters after destruction
arboreal vegetation as a result of deforesting, wildfires and etc.
The more intensive plant
transpires the better its crown detains precipitations, the less supply of
moisture remains in soil. Besides there is a connection [10], the more near
located soil water to the surface of soil, so the more the plants expend them
on own necessities and the more intensive reduce of level of ground waters. So,
for example, when ground waters are deposited 1,4–1,7 m in the whortleberry coniferous forest, and in summer reduction of
its level reaches 0,4–0,5 m.
2. Mechanism of grassy vegetation
influences of on water balance its role in phytocenosis. If arboreal vegetation facilitates supply of moisture into the
atmosphere, so grassy vegetation vice versa – it facilitates the absorption of
moisture. V.V. Dokuchaev offered "… lifting with a help of the level of ground waters; ... transformation of air vaporous moisture in the liquid condition."
[13]. Rakov A.Y. [7] proved the possibility of solving this
problem. In addition he specified that under mighty herbage there are favourable
conditions for the economy (condensations) of steam in soil, where greater part
of sun radiation is expended on transpiration, heating of water vapor.
During
thundershowers and after them vegetation serried herbage accumulates favorable conditions in order to moisture
conservation:
-
soil is cooled down not only by effective
radiation not only, but especially by intensive wind, precipitations, physical
evaporation (turbulent exchange);
-
when fallout of precipitation occurs under serried herbage often exceeds
their size, soil water rise.
3. Ecological principles in terms of phytocenosis forming
Selecting
plants some fundamental principles of phytocenosis creation are taken into
consideration the following [14]: ecological, phytocenotic;
systematic; harmonious principles. Ecological principle is the first by
importance, as it determines by the basic criterion of choice and placing of
vegetation under condition of their growth. Conditions of
growing, is peculiar to different types of habitat, were represented on the
functional setting of organs of plants, and finally, and on their external form. Therefore external form or gabitous is result of the long-term adaptation of plants to the definite terms of
existence that was formed in the process of history development of the given
kind. Thanks to it external forms of definite types of plants so good “driven”in
to the definite conditions of growth [14]. As we see, this principle already includes other, as far as plants,
that grow in identical conditions, perfectly get along with each other
(phytocenotic principle), and the reflection of unity of external forms of
plants and conditions of habitat is perceived by us as aesthetically beautiful
integrity (harmonious principle).
Ecological
principles for forming of phytocenosis are used more often by scientists, such
as Cabanov A.V., Shamsutdinova Z.S., Covalchuk N.P., Cohanom T.P. [3-5, 8] and
others. Taking the natural phytocenosis communities as a basis and on the basis
of their detailed studies were created artificial ones, but firm and productive
phytocenosis.
The
surplus of moisture in soil appears in case of the near standing of ground
waters or underflooding of territory, which affects most arboreal breeds
harmfully. Only an alder black can withstand excessive
moisture of soil, where it grows normally. Along with
an alder an ash and such breeds grow undergrowth, and such as a currant is
black, a buckthorn is fragile. In moist and rich soil valleys and back-waters
are planted pussy-willows, poplars, alders, elms. Thanks to coordination of character of plants with the character of
plant environment is well developed and form compositions, that goes with a
natural landscape [13,14].
4. Foundation
possibilities of the use of vegetation in the conditions of Kirovograd. Analysing above-mentioned descriptions of influencing of vegetation on
water balance, it is possible to do supposition, that along with the drainage
systems that are used in a town there is possibility of the use of phytocenosis
for the improvement of the water mode of territories. Of course, in built-up
part of the city by taking of surplus moisture engineering measures will be taken, while on unbuilt-up territories (regions
Lelekivka, Kushchiva, Ozerna Balka) there is possibility of creation of
phytocenosis, basic tasks of which is to drainage of locality, decline of level
of ground waters, prevention of silting of river Ingul.
When
selecting vegetation it’ll be better to follow ecological principles of creation
of communities and to pay attention to the climate, relief, soil. In conditions
of steppe area there are characteristic vibrations of temperatures, unevenness
of precipitations on seasons – a drought changes by thundershowers,
considerable fluctuations of level of ground waters. Therefore it is better to
pick up optimum correlation of arboreal and grassy forms of plants which would
get along between itself, forming firm phytocenosis. The arboreal plants will
reduce the level of ground waters due to transpiration,
during the season of rains a superficial runoff will transpire in internal, the
amountof precipitations, that get on soil will diminish, detaining them by coma and others like that. It will prevent silting of river Ingoul
that in the turn will lead one of reasons of
underflooding to the removal. The grassy plants will affect of overhead layers
of soil during a drought, and also support of trees, giving them demandable
moisture.
Attention
should be paid to the selection of trees breeds and
to staying power of coma, as such underflooding districts, as Kovalivka,
Cushivka are located in a low-laying area lower than level of river Ingul. Such
topographical terms of locality facilitate in stagnation of waters that appears
when rapid melting of snow or thundershowers. If snow will stay too long on
coma, as a result of sublimation the more than half of it will be transferred
in atmosphere, and not in soil.
Using
the formulas of water balance of territory, it is possible to produce
recommendations from the rise of meliorative properties of phytocenosis, in
particular predict
quantitative data of influencing of vegetation on water balance. The formulas of
water balance of territory were offered by G.M.Visotskiy, Baumgartner And.,
M.S.Nesterov [13] and other scientists. Here is the detailed one, offered by
professor. M.S.Nesterov, it has the following formula:
О = В + В'+С + С' + Г+ Р + Г' + Ю,
where: O – precipitations, and also
absorption of aquatic steam of soil;
В – evaporation of precipitations which are detained by coma;
В' –evaporation of water from the surface of soil;
С – runoff of water from the surface of soil;
С' – blowing of snow on neighbouring areas;
Г – soil moisture (within bounds of complete
satiation);
Р – moisture, that is expended on growth of transpiration plants;
Г' – soil moisture which fills up soil water;
Ю – juvenile water
which got to the deep layers of earthly surface.
The
analysis of formula shows that with the use of trees it is possible to reduce
the underflooding processes through the direct increase of indexes В, Р, and reduction Г'.
Results help (in p.1) data
to conclude that a most effect will be provided by arboreal vegetation, in
condition of forested of territory 70–80% – for maximal
consumption of soil moisture by transpiration, but that the coma of trees
remained unserried – for the most effective detention of precipitations.
The most important that should be noted
is that selecting breeds of trees advantage should be given to those that
correspond to zonal phytocenosis.
Conclusion.
Research helps to make the following conclusions according to the tasks of
forming of firm phytocenosis in the areas of underflooding in the town of
Central part of Ukraine (on the example of Kirovograd).
1. Phytocenosis, that are
formed, must include both trees and grass cover. Basic setting of trees is the drainage of soil, intensive expense
of moisture by transpiration, detention by the coma of precipitations. Basic
setting of herbages is to provide trees by moisture during a drought.
2. Ecological principles
answer the purpose in order to form firm phytocenosis, that is taken into
consideration the environmental conditions of its growth at selection of vegetation.
3. To estimate the role of natural vegetation relevantly, that
elementally appeared at self-overgrowing, it is planted by people, to reduce the level of ground waters, and to
produce practical recommendations in relation to forming of firm
phytocenosis with the promoted transpiration power.
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