Shvachkina L.A.

Yuzhno-Russian State University of Economics and servis

HUMANITY IS IN SYSTEM OF ACTIVITY

According to the traditional understanding of prevailing in the history of philosophy, the activity is a form of human society. It manifests itself in the subject's activity, which is expressed in the desirability of changing the world, as well as in the transformation of man himself. Structure activity includes the purpose, means the result and the process activities. There are many activities available on various grounds. Thus, the isolated material and the practical and spiritual activity: the first is the transformation of nature and society, and the second - the development of cognition. In addition, the distinguished social group and individual activities. Finally, the nature of the transformations highlighted the reproductive and productive deyatelnost. Buduchi form of human society, activities at the same time acts as a principle of cognition of reality with which we seem to shine through «a variety of elements, properties and relations of human life and find in them the incarnation and the traces of human activity, discloses a method of "life" in the social processes, we find an explanation of the paradox of their simultaneous solid and separate, mutually and fragmented, discontinuous, and continuous existence. Things of the human world in this light show its social value, its fullness of human powers and abilities, his versatility, or one-dimensional traces of productive and destructive of human actions» [1, p. 138]. In order to understand the place of mercy in the activities necessary to consider its structure, as well as liaison with other forms of deyatelnosti. Iz definition of humanity, charity as a compassionate attitude towards those in need, presupposes the willingness to come to their aid, one would conclude that it is not an activity. Indeed, the activity is understood as a form of active attitude to the world, the content of which is to transform it for the benefit of man. The activity we see in charity? We believe that charity is an example of dispositional relations. Already in 1936 R. Carnap spoke of dispositional predicates, which "reflect a predisposition to certain things behavior under certain conditions [2, p. 31]. Accordingly, the charity is the ratio expressing the human predisposition to certain activities under certain conditions. Under certain activities meant charity, but under certain conditions - the material means. According to E.L. Wild and I.A. Winter, charity «has a material cost and how often emphasize her may only haves» [3, p. 116]. Thus, charity is a dispositional relation, expressing the human predisposition to charitable activities in the presence of material resources. In other words, it is a potential activity that could turn into a real one. Clearance charity in some form of social activity, fixed and culturally sanctioned, at the level of collective goal-setting, value-sense orientation requires a fairly high level of cultural and historical development of society. Charity is in fact not simply material aid as such. It involves a change of status to those who provide such care and who receives it. And this is possible only in a social environment that is more or less open, dynamic and mobile. Social stability is achieved not by simple conservation, and through the lifting of certain social and diversification of traditional ties and relations in society.

Consider the structure of charity as a practical realization of humanity's start with his subject, which is the active side of the business. As stakeholders in general can serve individuals, social communities, region, society, state, and humanity as a whole, understood as the totality of the results of the various societies and states. The subject of charity in the strict sense is an individual who is required to have three qualities: responsiveness, compassion and the need to provide grant assistance to the needy. If he has all these qualities, about him saying that he has a good heart. The definition of «compassionate» in relation to other stakeholders (eg, the era of mercy) is, in our view, derivatives. An important quality of a person, without which it can not be the subject of charity, is responsiveness. In the philosophical literature, it received virtually no attention, and in the Dictionary of Russian Ushakova (abstract noun for «responsive») is implicitly defined as a sympathetic attitude towards others, willingness to help. As a synonym for responsiveness in dictionaries of the Russian language specified kindness, soul, kindness, enthusiasm, compassionate, sympathy, compassion, sensitivity, and as antonyms - bezuchastlivost, insensitivity, cruelty. Following tradition, the terminological and their linguistic intuitions, we mean by responsiveness person's ability to see someone else's misfortune. With regard to compassion, then under it usually refers to the ratio of the other personwhich, being based on the recognition of the legality of his needs and interests expressed in the understanding of feelings and thoughts of another person, providing moral support for his ambitions and readiness to contribute to their implementation [4, p. 385]. In other words, compassion is a person's ability to respond to someone else's misfortune. Finally, the need to provide assistance to needy refers to the social needs, the highest manifestation of which is the need for self-realization through the beneficence. Under the blessing means an act that has a positive moral value, and estimated the moral consciousness as well.

The object of activity is any area of reality, which undergoes a transformation, change or renewal in the activity itself. They may be things, public relations, various organizations and institutions, rules and other components of social consciousness, as well as the man himself with his work. Representation of the object of charity was formed in Western culture under the influence of humanistic ideas, rooted in antiquity. Reflecting the anthropocentric nature of these ideas, they boil down to the fact that the object of charity is a person who is acting as an individual or social group. Eastern culture is not anthropocentric, but prirodotsentrichna. She teaches a compassionate attitude toward all beings, not just to the person. Therefore, it would be more correct to say that the object of charity is to all living things.

In addition to the subject and object, the structural elements of mercy are the goal, means and result. The purpose of a mental anticipation of its outcome, achieved by using existing resources. It exists in the human mind as an image, which directs all its activities. What image exists in the mind of the subject of mercy? Their solution is, in our opinion, the purpose of charity. As to the means of charity, then they can serve all that contributes to the achievement of its goals - kindness, honesty, communication skills, things, food, money, etc. Finally, the result of charity could be a solution to some extent the problems described above, or its absence, the reasons which depend on different circumstances. There generally is important to understand that humanity as a world outlook installation and as a communicative strategy differs from other human activities besides just the fact that self-valuable it is not only the result, "product", but also the process itself. Man, for example, may have some financial assistance to someone, the result in this case will, of course, is obvious. However, whether in this case unequivocally state that we have the example of humanity? Apparently it can not be reduced to a simple aid. Though certainly help itself deal good. Humanity in a more general sense can be defined as a mode of human existence and explicated his initial involvement in the communicative space polisubektnoe meanings, values and objects.

Mercy is closely connected with the charity, which is its practical expression. Without their specific and practical components of the orienting people to the real needy, it turns into empty sentimentality, which is often reduced to simple daydreaming. On the other hand, without the spiritual and emotional components associated with the experience of others' pain as his, mercy «degenerates into a cold philanthropy» [5, p. 138]. Mercy is closely connected with the charity, which is its practical expression. Without their specific and practical components of the orienting people to the real needy, it turns into empty sentimentality, which is often reduced to simple daydreaming. On the other hand, without the spiritual and emotional components associated with the experience of others' pain as his, mercy «degenerates into a cold philanthropy» [5, p. 138].

The word «philanthropy» (in Russian translation - for man) appeared in 5. BC. er. in Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound, "where it signified the divine benevolence towards people. Such favors, according to myth, Prometheus was different, who taught people to use fire, as well as engage in crafts and arts. C 4. BC. er. philanthropy has meant not only the divine, and any positive attitude towards people. In ancient Greece, her organization engaged in policies that arranges social meals, distributing money to the needy, as well as building temples and baths through private donations. Ancient Greek philanthropy was of a class character, because it did not extend to those who did not belong to the citizens of the policy. In addition, it is adjoined with different traditions, which were very far from charity. According to A. Bonnard, in 5.6 cc. BC Athens and other major policies specifically kept the crippled, the idiots and sentenced to death, so that upon the occurrence of famine or plague to bring them to sacrifice to the gods [6, p. 25]. Nevertheless, the ancient Greek philanthropy has become a phenomenon of culture, have global significance.

In the New Era Philanthropy acquired two meanings, which she did not have in antiquity. Firstly, it meant the reform of education, which stood at the origins of German educator I.-B. Bazedov. People associated with this reform, were under the influence of the French Enlightenment.T he money from private donations, they created educational institutions based on principles prirodosoobraznosti and humanity. These institutions were called filantropinami, and their creators - filantropistami. Students in these divided into three groups - academics, pedagogistov and famulyantov: the first is the children who received training in the humanities, the second - the future teachers and tutors, and a third - those who have prepared themselves for the role of servants. Secondly, philanthropy has come to mean the same thing as an individual charity. In this sense it is used at present, although it is often simply equated with charity in general.

With charity overlaps another form of assistance to the needy, which arose in antiquity - patronage. Associated with the name of Maecenas, who became a household word, it means helping people of creative professions. Patronage has arisen not in Greece, and Rome during the Empire, when due to speculation in land and farmed out to the provinces to bar riders formed the very rich. To such people, and belonged to Guy Tsilny Patron - approximate the Emperor Augustus, was assisted by Virgil, Horace, Propertius, and other poets. However, his help was not disinterested, since it so you had to celebrate in his writings not only of the Emperor Augustus, but his own. Originating as a selfish needy, patronage in the future is not always associated with the subject of his personal gain. If you care to people of creative professions is disinterested, the sponsorship coincides with the charity.

Concluding the consideration of humanitarian and charity activities in the system, touch on its relationship with altruism and other forms of manifestation of humanity. The notion of humanity covered different views about what an ideal man. Thus, Confucius considered as an attribute of mercy precious husband, who in their work strictly follows the ritual. For Cicero's humanism is identical in substance with the formation of man, for Herder - with the aim of human development in general, and for I. Kant - with a moral quality, which creates an appropriate partnership to humanity, through which it differs from animal limitations. The literature discusses various forms of humanity, the most common of which is altruism. Under altruism refers to a moral quality that characterizes a person's readiness to sacrifice its interests for the sake of others. Altruism is the most common form of manifestation of humanity, because its content is reduced only to recognize the priority of the interests of others. However, it is very abstract, since it does not take into account the specificities of different situations emerging in the relations between people. Meanwhile, these situations are quite varied: one case, for example, relating to a person in distress, and another - to the defeated enemy. In the first case, the most natural form of manifestation of humanity would have mercy, and the second - generosity. In other words, there are various forms of humanity, which are characterized by greater specificity than altruism. Only one of these forms and is a charity, understood as a compassionate attitude toward those who are in need.

References:

1. Contemporary Philosophical Dictionary, ed. VE Kemerovo. Moscow - Bishkek - Ekaterinburg, 1996.

2. Carnap R. The logical basis of unity of science / language, truth, existence / Comp. VA Surovtsev. Tomsk, 2002.

3. Wild E.L., Winter I.A. Mercy: problem of psychology? (on materials of work in a train "Mercy") // Psychological magazine. 1991. № 2. С. 116.

4. Dictionary of Ethics, ed. I. Kon. M., 1983.

5. Social Work. Reference Dictionary, ed. VI Filonenko. M., 1998.

6. Bonnard A. The Greek civilization. V 2 t. T. 1. Rostov-na-Donu, 1994.