Law/5. Criminal law and criminology
K.Yu.N. Zhadan V. N.
Kazan
Federal University, Elabuga Institute, Russia
On the criminological
aspects of crime
The analysis of a criminogenic situation in Russia, criminological
characteristics of crime and its certain types, and the number of crimes solved
[1] subject of many publications, that in no way detracts from the author to
address the issues characterizing the criminological aspects of crime
detection.
It is generally accepted that the Russian state, its regions, cities and
other settlements, are characterized not only by political, socio-economic,
climatic and cultural and moral processes and conditions, but no less the
maintenance of public order and security that characterize the crime situation
and crime detection.
Before we move on to the analysis of a criminogenic situation in Russia,
criminological characteristics of crime and crime detection, it is advisable to
determine the meaning of the terms used, "detection of crime" and
"crime detection".
B the science of criminology and forensic science celebrated by the
similarity of these terms, this is evidenced by the etymological proximity of
the initial part of the terms "drop-...". At the same time regardless
of the etymological roots between the concepts of "solving crimes"
and "crime detection", there are certain differences in meaning.
So, solving the crime applies to an individual crime, and means the
establishment (identification) of the circumstances of the crime and the person
committing the act. In turn, the crime is usually expressed in percent the
ratio of the number of crimes solved to the total number of registered crimes.
Therefore, changes in the form of increase or decrease calculated in this way
the clear-up rate in the state, the region, etc. for the period compared to the
previous (for example, over the same period last year), and the comparison of
these indicators in different regions for the same period has served for many
years and present an indicator (criterion) of assessment of work of law
enforcement bodies, including bodies performing operatively-search activity and
investigation of crimes. The rehabilitation of the accused (suspect) in the
course of preliminary investigations or of the defendant in court, in contrast,
provide for the exclusion of this crime from the number disclosed, and,
consequently, reduced crime detection.
It is generally accepted that criminological characteristics of crime
and offences includes the status, dynamics, proportion, structure, clearance
rate and other indicators, some of which will be used for the characterization
of criminality in Russia.
So, according to official statistics in Russia for 2015 was 2388,5
thousand crimes (including in the Republic of Crimea 27.8 thousand and
Sevastopol 8.3 thousand), which is 8.6% less than in the same period last
year (hereinafter the same period last year) [2]. Thus for 2015 revealed 1238,7
thousand crimes (+ 5.3%) and not disclosed 1026,2 thousand crimes, which is
8.2% more than in the same period last year; remained unsolved 1.1 thousand
murders and attempts at murder ( 6,7%), 2,7 thousand cases of deliberate
infliction of grievous bodily harm (20.6 per cent), 597,2 thousand thefts (+
10,2%), 28,9 thousand robberies (with 13.4%), 4 thousand assaults (of 11.3%), etc.,
1004,1 thousand crimes (+ 8,5%) remained unsolved in connection with failure of
the person subject to attraction as accused [2].
At the same time in 2010 it was 2628,8 thousand crimes, which is 12.2%
less than in the same period last year) [3]. Thus for the year 2010 revealed
1431 thousand crimes (+ 13.3%) and not disclosed 1193,3 thousand of crimes
remain unsolved 2.1 thousand murders and attempted murders (+ 4,0%), 6.2
thousand facts of deliberate causing of heavy harm of health (+ 15,7%), 709,2 thousand
thefts (+ 6,4%), 95.5 thousand robberies (+ 23,1%), 8.9 thousand assaults (+
20,7%), etc., 1163,3 thousand crimes (+ 8.7 per cent) remained unsolved in
connection with an unidentified person, subject to attraction as the accused
[3].
From these data it follows that for 2015 in comparison with 2010 is
registered 240,3 thousand less crime, but as was noted above, there is a very
large number of unsolved crimes, including unsolved and certain types of crime
murder and attempted murder, intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm,
theft, robbery, robbery and others.
As you know many types of crime are characterized by high latency
(corruption crimes, environmental crimes, etc.), and therefore, in official
statistics estimates of domestic experts is recognised in respect of these
criminal acts only one half (third) of the committed crimes.
Among the controversial issues in terms of crime detection is such, that
all crimes under all circumstances may be disclosed. The majority of domestic
scientists and practitioners believe that there can be crimes which it would be
impossible to uncover. Proponents of this position believe that the crime
remains unsolved, solely in connection with omissions of investigative
activities and preliminary investigation, and above all in the mistakes and
errors of the "human factor".
The author agrees with the scientific approach that the problem is
complex and in order to improve the quality of crime require different actions:
1) organizational improving the quality of vocational training of
employees of operational units and carry out operational-investigative activity
of internal Affairs bodies (hereinafter MIA), Federal security service
(hereinafter FSB), Federal guard service (hereinafter FSS), etc.,
investigators of the Investigative Committee, the FSB, police, investigators,
police, border police, Federal security service, Federal bailiff service, etc.;
effective monitoring by supervisors of these law enforcement agencies; use in
production of operational search activities (further ORM) and the
investigation of special technical means, etc.;
2) regulatory and legal the adoption of the new and improve existing
criminal procedural and operational-investigative legislation, departmental
normative acts on the issues of disclosure and investigation of crimes,
production of new MPAS and investigative actions, use of special technical
means, etc.;
3) methodical-technical development and improvement of particular
methods of detection and investigation of certain types of crimes, development
of methods for the use of special technical means in the manufacture of MPAS
and investigative actions (for example, polygraph), etc.
The author agrees with the scientific approach as an effective tool to
be used to obtain substantial information about the involvement of specific
individuals to the crime, is the use of the polygraph [4].
The polygraph is a special technical means used by employees of
operatively-search divisions of the Department of internal Affairs, FSB, FSO,
and other in the course of the relevant OPM, investigators and investigators in
the preparation and production of certain investigative actions with
participation of a specialist-polygraph examiner, and with the purpose of
getting an accurate result for the subsequent justification of the prosecution
of the perpetrator of the crime.
This technical device by recording and measuring physiological processes
in the body of the subject when the survey allows you to determine the truth
from a man or a lie. About the Respondent entity to the expert question leads
to psychological stress and provokes a physiological arousal, and the polygraph
physiological changes in these registers. Other issues the use of polygraph in
the course of MPAS and preliminary investigations require independent research.
Thus, based on the comparison of criminological indicators on the state
of crime and crime detection, and scientific approaches and the author's
understanding of the article discusses about the criminological aspects of
crime detection.
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1. See: Zhadan V. N. About the current crime
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4. See: Gataullin Z. Sh., Zhadan V. N. Is it legal to the use of the
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