Student Natalia V. Ionikan, Dr. Vera S. Rakovskaya
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University
Interregional Migration Flows in Russia
The research was completed under financial support of Russian State
Humanitarian Fund within the research project (Influence of External Migration
on the Sociolabor Relation System), project No. 11-32-00305a2.
Migration of the population is a process that responds to the
socio-economic transformation and is one of the elements of assessment of
regional disparities.
There are great differences between regions on many important indicators of
socio-economic development in Russia, and they continue to grow. From a
theoretical point of view, one would assume that the inter-regional migration
will intensify. However, despite the serious transformation interregional
socio-economic inequalities, the direction and scale of migration remain stable
in the past two decades.
Migration processes in Russia determined the influence of negative and
positive factors in the past two decades. Negative factors include the collapse
of the former Soviet Union, of nationalism, terrorism, and vulnerability of
individual sections of the state border of the Russian Federation, the
deterioration of the quality of life and the environment, economic instability
and social conflict. At the same time the positive factors include the
democratization of public life, the implementation of the constitutional
principle of freedom of movement, the development of market relations and entry
into the international labor market.
Internal migration, which related to adverse environmental conditions and
natural disasters also preserved. Natural and man-made disasters cause an
emergency mass migration of people, which requires additional efforts of the
state to solve their problems.
For Russia, with its vast territorial differences resulting in much of the
severe climatic conditions, migration has always been of great importance, both
for the population and the economic development of its individual territories
and regions, and for the country as a whole in certain periods of development.
At the present stage of the migration situation in the country is
characterized by:
• a sharp increase in emigration and along with it an increase in
immigration flows;
• increasing the outflow of Russian-speaking population of the Union
republics;
• accelerating the outflow of rural population to the cities;
• fundamental changes at the turn of the last two decades in the
inter-regional migration [1].
Over the past 10 years, migration activity of the Russian population has
declined. Number of internally displaced has decreased by more than 1/3, and
tend to have higher migration activity of rural than urban. This fact is due to
the lower income of the rural population, which tends to the industrial areas,
concentrated mainly in the European part of Russia.
In general, the internal geography of inter-regional flows fairly static.
But to date, among the country's regions can be distinguished more clearly, and
to give the host population. Host region has a compact and consistent populated
areas, which are home to 80% of the population (120 million people). This zone
extends from Kaliningrad to Novosibirsk region (South of Western Siberia) and
from the Republic of Karelia (excluding the rest of the European North) to the
Krasnodar Territory. Regions, that smack people, are not compact. In general
17% of the population (26 million people) situated in this area. These include
the northern part of the Urals, East Siberia, the Far East, Dagestan, Chechnya,
Ingushetia.
In absolute terms, most arrived in the region in 2010 was registered in the
Moscow region (145.7 thousand people). In second place was still Moscow
(125.9), third place – Tyumen region (85.4), then – Krasnodar region (84.4),
the Republic of Bashkortostan (75.6), St. Petersburg (67, 1) and the
Krasnoyarsk region (62.1). In the rest of this number is as high as 58 thousand
people [2].
In general, internal migration is characterized by the following trends. On
the one hand, are «centripetal» displacement, the contraction of the population
in some prosperous regions. On the other – there is a decrease in population of
the Far East, Siberia and some of the European North. The current situation is
dangerous from a geopolitical point of view. Demographic vacuum in the Far East
is the objective conditions for the full replacement of the population of
immigrants from neighboring countries (primarily from China). The main reason –
a huge and unacceptable disparities in socio-economic development between
regions, so you need to focus on migration policy, to identify the determinants
of internal migration, to understand what causes define such behavior.
Migration flows between Russian regions depend on certain social and
economic laws, the structure of the determinants of internal migration in
Russia today does not differ from the corresponding structure in the countries
with market economies [3].
In Russia today, in contrast to developed countries, internal migration is
not a real tool for aligning regional disparities indicators of socio-economic
development, which she would have been in the state policy aimed at overcoming
barriers to internal migration, which is important in view of the depth of
understanding of the demographic crisis.
Analyzing the causes of internal migration, developed by statistics, you
can see that among the causes of migration, a significant place (over 58%)
personal and family reasons, as well as a desire to return to their former
place of residence (16.04%), in addition regions of destination because it
offers employment (10.97%), prospects of education (9.30%). Causes such as
aggravation of interethnic relations and the crime situation, ecological
trouble, failure climatic conditions represent less than 0.6% of the domestic population
movements in Russia [4].
Despite the fact that the country, especially in large cities, increases
personnel deficit, the problem of balancing the labor markets through migration
poorly understood. Basic institutional conditions that facilitate the spatial
mobility of citizens, not created.
The factors that limit mobility are:
1. Maintain mandatory bureaucratic registration system.
2. Restrictions on access to certain social services. Many social security
systems remain tied to the place of permanent residence rights, the place of
his permanent residence. This is the case of health care, social security and
pension services, to a lesser extent – educational services.
3. Underdevelopment of the housing market and the high cost of the regional
centers – the main reason that prevents people moving there permanently and
keeps them in a state of temporary labor migrants.
4. Weakness and lack of development of human networks and recruitment
agencies, engaged in search and selection of personnel in other locations. Few
such structures operating in this area, are concerned only with finding
non-mass very popular professional specialties.
5. O of the factors limiting mobility in Russia is ethnophobia [5].
To sum up, it should be noted that the migration flows in Russia are
characterized by its active involvement in the cross-regional exchange,
increasing the share of family migration and declining share of working age
migrants, low survival migrants coincidence of areas of concentration of
external and internal migrants. All this leads to negative social consequences:
the deterioration of the situation in the housing market, labor, increase the
burden on social infrastructure and increased crime. This situation requires
the development and implementation of adequate migration policy tightening and
control migration state.
Literature:
1.
Romanova N.A. Determinants of
internal migration in modern Russia // The young scientist. – 2011. – ¹ 3. – P.
190-196.
2.
Belaya R., Dyakonov M. Labour
migration and regional labor market: views, views, perspectives // The labor
market and the market of educational services. Regions of Russia. 2003. URL:
http://labourmarket.ru/Pages/conf1/book2_html/02_belaya.htm.
3.
Bojko L.P. Foreign practice
regulation of inter-regional labor mobility // Problems of the modern economy.
– 2010. – ¹ 4 (36). – P. 12-14.
4.
Mkrtchyan N.V. Internal
migration is a great past and a modest future // Russia Facing Demographic
Challenges. Human Development in the Russian Federation. – 2009. – P.80-96.
5.
Moiseenko V.M. Reducing the
scale of internal migration in Russia: experience in assessing the dynamics on
current data // Problems of Statistics. – 2004. – ¹ 7. – P. 42-45.