Amosova T.YU.
A teacher of English, guimnazia №3
A winner of the competition «A master of Teaching » 2004
A winner of the American-Russian competition of English teachers 2004
A winner of the competition for the President’s Grant 2006
A winner of the competition «A Teacher- Researcher», 2014
Culture of
Communication and Tolerance
as a Part of Its Structure
According
to M.P.Mchedov the society’s thought is
always full of the
desire to form loyal, non- aggressive, kind contacts and relations among
different people, the peoples, countries, states, religions, ethnic groups,
civilizations [1]. Our research of the theme “culture of communication” proves
that it is possible to avoid
misunderstanding (that causes aggression) if people have high degree of communicative
culture.
Analyzing the phenomenon “the formation
of culture of communication within teaching a foreign language” we went
through such categories as “culture”, “communication”, “culture of
communication”. Analyzing ”culture” we
took into account the quotation of
Kogan: “culture is the exchange
of meaningful resources, it is a dialogue that can be an inner dialogue, a person-person dialogue, a country-country
dialogue, a society-society dialogue” [2]. We also dwell upon Benin’ s opinion:
“Culture is people’s experience which is
expressed in material creations and is taken from generation to
generation. Besides, a younger generation doesn’t only acquire the previous
experience, but improves it [3].
Scientists consider the essence of ‘culture’ to be a person’s instrument to
create his (her) own personality. The process of self creation can be vividly
seen in three circles of Kagan’s [4] spiral: the first circle- is the
creation of material objects, the second circle is communication, the third
circle is artistic and scientific activity. This spiral shows the intellectual
growth of the personality who creates himself (herself). The structure of
culture contains the life and traditions of the people, the life philosophy of
the people, the value orientations of the people, the belief of the people.
Having
analyzed the category “communication” we came to the conclusion that all the
scientists consider it to be a
dialogue. A.A. Leontiev [5]
takes into consideration the following types of the dialogue: a person-person communication,
a person- community communication,
a community-community communication. The essence of communication is the
growth of a social personality, the functions of communication are
the need of another person and
the exchange of
information. Lomov thinks
communication to be a
person-person interaction that reveals personal qualities of interlocutors. Following Andreyeva [6] we observe three components of the communication structure: communicative,
interactive, perceptive.
The
analysis of the category “culture of communication” shows that there are a lot of different approaches to
describe it. For example, Titarenko,
Savelyeva analyze morality in communication; Danilenko, Chernyshova observe
behavior aspects, Pivchenko,
Vasilyeva take into account culture of
communication of schoolchildren based on behavior origin; Borosdina,
Ivanova pay attention to business
communication; Kogan, Piren devote their work to cross-cultural
communication; Benin researched pedagogical culture; Fatykhova analyzes pedagogical communication. We agree
with all these scientists and systematize
these tendencies. Our
formulation of the phenomenon
‘communication culture ’ is as follows: The culture of communication is a
measure of humanistic development of a
personality; it is a person-person
interaction, giving way to the revealing of
partners’ personal qualities.
The structure of communication culture contains 1) communicative, interactive,
perceptive components 2) that are observed at normative, creative and spiritual
levels.
The
research of the phenomenon “culture of communication”, the author
course of English “The Formation of Communication Culture” gave us the opportunity
to construct the theoretical logically blocked model. This
model consists of three blocks: 1) aim block, 2) organizing block, 3) result
block.
I. The Aim Block contains: communicative, interactive, perceptive
components that can be found at normative, creative and spiritual levels.
II. The Organizing Block contains pedagogical conditions of the formation of
communication culture. These conditions are: 1) the organization of pedagogical communication at a
subject-subject, dialogue base; 2)
culture of communication of the English teacher (that means: the understanding
of the subjective meaning of the pedagogical
profession, high level of the English language and well-formed
communicative abilities: communicative, interactive, perceptive); 3)The English
Author Course “The Formation of Communication Culture” consisting of
3 cycles: “Homeland
Culture”, “Preparation for
Cross-Cultural Communication”, “Cognize yourself”, based on the
author Cycle -and- Concentric
method .
III.
The Result Block shows criteria and
indices of the level of communication culture. The criteria are: communicative
intention, communicative activity, high level of the communicative abilities,
creativity, humanistic development level of the personality.
The indices are: need in communication; group unity; the formation of
accuracy, fluency, originality in creativity; empathy.
According
to the modal and the ‘culture of communication’ formulation, it is obvious that
the highest level of communication culture is humanistic development of the
personality.
Title
- based approach requires the necessity to analyze the category ‘tolerance ’ to prove that it is a part of the structure of communication culture. Tolerance of other people’s views in various
spheres of personal and society life (and its antipode – extremism) become more and more actual nowadays when
social mutual relations are not stable
because of the absence of moral and law regulations [7]. According to Mchedlov
tolerance is a quality of culture (moral, legislative, political) in any
society, any level, any citizen (in spite of the age, gender, confession,
race). Tolerance has various forms: personal, social (the reflection of
morality, disposition, psychology, consciousness). The problem of tolerance can
be analyzed from different points of view (philosophic, confessional,
political, educational ). An impotent
component of tolerance is understanding of thoughts, dispositions, traditions, habits, feelings, actions (different
from ours). Tolerance is based on the respect of universal laws and main parts
of independence of a personality. The
UNESCO declaration says that “the
wealth of various cultures of our
world, forms of self expression, self – manifestation of a personal
individuality” is a respectful
component of tolerant culture [8].
Semantic
field of the word “tolerance” includes the noun “tolerance, patience,
endurance” (from the Latin word “tolerantia”), the verb tolerare (переносить, выдерживать, терпеть). Among Russian equivalents of the Latin verb there may be found such
meanings: оставаться, нести, держать, подпирать, содержать, питать, кормить. The translation of this verb from French, English, Italian shows passiveness (suffer, need, endure,
bear, put up with, become dumb, become numb with cold, grow stiff cold with
fright). On the other hand the translation gives the following meanings: bear
something without a murmur, uncomplaining; reconcile oneself to the situation;
accept the situation [9]. S.I.Ozhegov specifies
the meaning of the word ‘tolerance’: “Tolerance, tolerant attitude to something
- means suffer, endure, take into consideration someone’s opinion, someone’s
character” [10].
In
the English language, according to the Oxford dictionary, tolerance means the
readiness and ability to perceive someone or something without any protest.
In
French it means “the respect of another person’s independence, his thoughts,
behavior, political and religion view”. Arabs understand tolerance as
“forgiveness, indulgence, mildness, compassion, readiness to conciliation”. In
China tolerance means “to allow, let, show generosity towards others”
[11]. O. Khoma writes that tolerance
without recognition means only indulgence to do somebody a favor but in fact,
to experience disgust. He comes to the conclusion that tolerance doesn’t mean
tolerance without recognition [12]. And the basic understanding of ‘tolerance’
is A.M. Prokhorov’s one: “tolerance is tolerance of other people’s views,
opinions, religions, behavior” [13].
A.S.Hornby
in the Dictionary for the Advanced Students gives the following definition:
tolerant means able to accept what other people say or do even if you do not
agree with it [14].
M.I.Pryadina
writes that the example of the highest tolerance is to blame the sin but not
the sinner. But it is not possible to mistake tolerance for time serving.
Time-serving means indulgence to antisocial behavior, means doing someone a
favor for it (instead of punishing for it) [15]. A. Guryanov indicates the following
features that are necessary for a tolerant personality: 1) humanism, meaning
respect of the original world of a person; 2) reflection, i.e. understanding of
other people’s peculiarities, dignity and drawbacks; 3) freedom in
self-expressing without forgetting about personal discipline and duty; 4)
responsibility, i.e. qualitative fulfillment of the decision; 5) defending
personal ideas (i.e. unite the collective in front of a difficult problem); 6)
flexibility (i.e. formation of relations in a group); 7) self-confidence, i.e.
the adequate self-esteem, the ability and belief in overcoming barriers; 8)
self-control, i.e. control of the emotions and deeds; 9) variant taking, i.e.
ability to take into account various opinions; 10) perception, i.e. see and understand
different personal features; 11) empathy, i.e. co-feeling of (sympathizing
with) people’s emotions and situations;
12) sense of humor, i.e. calm down a difficult, tense situation with a word or a gesture [16]. V.A.Petritsky indicates
the following functions of tolerance:
communicative (it helps a person understand a partner and give an adequate
mark to his (her) abilities); syndicate
(abilities to unite a collective); translational
(necessary for any group work); adaptive
(ability to react on any changing situation); active (ability to change point of view without pressure) [17]; the
main functions of tolerance showing its essence are as follows: informative
(revealing the idea of this phenomenon as a quality of a personality); emotive ( helping to understand
emotions of another person); regulative (control
the behavior of a person according to the meaning of tolerance); semantic (understanding and accepting tolerance as a quality of a
personality); understanding
(perception and mutual understanding of the intentions, directions, aims and
feelings of another person) [18].
T.V.Romanyuk makes emphasis on
the features of a tolerant personality that are necessary to be developed to
communicate at a cross-cultural level: 1) be positive to others, 2) be
indulgent, 3) be patient, 4) have sense of humor, 5) be tactful, 6) show trust,
7) be altruistic, 8) be sympathetic to differences, 9) use the ability to
control yourself, 10) be well-wishing, 11) have ability not to blame others,
12) be humanistic, 13) be able to listen and hear others, 14) be curious, 15)
have ability to sympathize (to co-feeling) [19].
As
tolerance is based on the respect component in tolerant culture, tolerance can
be said to be a part of the spiritual level in the structure of communication
culture. To breed a tolerant person a teacher should create a well-wishing
atmosphere in the classroom. The activity of a teacher should always be in the
zone of mutual understanding, trust, responsibility, giving a chance to
everyone to show creativity that appears to be a part of culture of
communication. A teacher should always see a border behind which our words may
offend a pupil. A teacher ought to feel the sense of proportion [20].
Literature.
1.
Толерантность / под
редакцией
М.П.Мчедлова.- М.: Республика, 2004.-416с.
2. Коган, Л.Н. Теория культуры [Текст] /
Л.Н.Коган.-Екатеринбург: Изд-во УРГУ, 1997.-240с.
3 Бенин, В.Л. Педагогическая культура [Текст]:
философско-социологический анализ / В.Л.Бенин-Уфа: БГПИ, 1998.-131с.
4.Каган, М.С. Мир общения [Текст]Проблема
межсубъектных отношений / М.С.Каган.-М.: Политиздат. 1988.-135с.
5.Леонтьев, А.А. Психология общения [Текст]:
учебн.пособие для студентов вузов / А.А.Леонтьев.-3-е изд.-М.: Смысл:Академия,
2005.- 367с.
6.Андреева, Г.М. Социальная психология [Текст]:
учебник для студ.ВУЗов / Г.М.Андреева.- 5-е изд. испр. и доп.–М.: Аспект
Пресс,2002.-363с. М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1978.-271с.
7.Тлерантность / под редакцией М.П.Мчедлова. –
М.: Республика, 2004.-416с.
8.Мчедлов. там же
9. В.А. Лекторский в книге Толерантность
в культуре и процесс глобализации / ин-т философии РАН.-М.: Гуманитарий,
2010.-488с.
10.Ожегов, С.И. Словарь русского языка [Текст] 57000слов / С.И.Ожегов.- 20-е
изд.-М.: Рус.яз.,1988.-748с.
11. Воспитание толерантной личности / А.Гурьянов //Воспитание школьников. – 2008.-№2. –С.25-28.
12.Хома, О. Философские культуры: терпимость,
толерантность и терпение [Текст] / О.Хома // Вопросы философии: науч.-
теор.журн: - М., 2011.-№9. С.54-64
13. Советский энциклопедический словарь [Текст]
/ гл.ред. А.М.Прохоров.-4-е изд., испр. И доп. –М.: Сов. Энциклопедия,
1989.-1632с.
14.Хорнби, А.С. Учебный словарь современного
английского языка / The Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary of Current
English [Текст] / А.S.Hornby
| М.: Изд-во ФСТ, 2006.-1658с.
15.Порядина , М.Е.Актуализация «толерантных»
мотивов в детской книге на современном российском книжном рынке / М.Е.Порядина
// Библиография.-2009.-№1.-С.58-63.
16.А.Гурьянов
см.11.
17.А Гурьянов
там же
18.А.Гурьянов
там же
19.Романюк Т.В. Межнациональное общение: Тренинг
и упражнения / Т.В.Романюк// Воспитание школьников: теорет. И научн.-практ.
Жур.- М 2009.- №7.-С.60-63.
20.А.Гурьянов
см.11.
Vocabulary
1. Suffer –страдать
2. Need-нужда,
потребность
3. Endure –выносить,
терпеть долгое время
4. Bear- выносить
5. Put up with –мириться
с
ч-л
6.
Reconcile – примирять к-л с к-л
7. Readiness to conciliation- готовность к примирению
8. Concession- уступка,
концессия
9. Co-feeling (sympathy) – сочувствие (sympathize, co-feel -
cувствовать)
10. Compassion
– cо-
страдание, жалость
11. Become
dump-быть выброшенным (становиться ненужным)
12. Become
numb with cold – окоченеть
от
холода
13. Grow
stiff cold of fright – цепенеть
от
страха
14. Bear
something without a murmur- терпеть
безоговорочно
15. Uncomplaining
– без жалоб, не жалующийся
16. Uncomplaining-
не жалующийся, полный терпения
17. Reconcile
[e]- примерять кого-либо с
кем-либо
18. Accept
the situation- принимать ситуацию,
какой она есть
19. Suffer- страдать
20. Patience- терпение
(patience - терпеливый)
21. Indulgence-терпение (indulgence
- терпеливый)
22. Readiness
and ability to perceive someone without any protest –готовность
и
способность
принять
к-л
без
протеста
23. Person’s
independence, thoughts, behavior - независимость,
мысли, поведение человека
24. Political and religious views – политические и религиозные взгляды
25. To
allow, let, show
– разрешить, позволить, показать
26. Mildness – мягкость
(mild -мягкий)
27. Emotion
– эмоция (emotive- понимающий эмоции; emotional- эмоциональный)
28. Empathy
– эмпатия (умение сопереживать)
29. Freedom
in self-expression – свобода
в
самовыражении
30. Compassion
– сострадание,
жалость
31. Conciliate-
примирять к-л- с к-л
32. Forgive
– прощать (forgiveness -
прощение)
33. Show
generosity – показывать
щедрость
30.Flexibility-
гибкость (способность понять и принять разные взгляды членов группы )
31.
self-confidence – уверенность в себе
32.
self-control – самоконтроль
33.
variety-taking – принятие другого
варианта
34.
perception – восприятие (perceive - воспринимать)
35.
to blame (not
to blame)- обвинять (не
обвинять)
36.to blame the sin but not the sinner- обвинять
грех, а
не
грешника
37.protest
– протест, протестовать
37а.
spiral [i] – спираль
38.
base [s]-
база, базироваться (based
- базирующийся)
39.
legislative [/e] – законодательный
40.
do smb. a
favour- cделать к-л одолжение
41. experience disgust – ощущать
отвращение
42. other people’ s views, religions, behavior- взгляды, религии, поведение
др. людей
43. respect of the original world of the personality –
уважение
самобытного
мира личности
44.
reflexion – рефлексия
(самоанализ, анализ ситуации)
45. self expressing – само-
выражаясь
46. discipline – дисциплина
47. duty – долг
48. responsibility – ответственность
49. belief – вера
50. overcome barriers – преодолевать
препятствия
51. people’s peculiarities – особенности
людей
52. sense of humour – чувство юмора
53. deeds – дела
54. an adequate mark – адекватная оценка
55. to unite a collective –объединить
коллектив
56.
make emphasis – сделать ударение
(выделить главное)
57.
features- качества
58.
be tactful – быть тактичным
59.
show trust – показывать доверие
60.
be well-wishing-
быть доброжелательным
61. intention – намерение
62. direction – направление