Pogorelov A

Pogorelov A.V.,* Kovaleva E.A.,* Melnikova A.**

*Kuban State University, Russia

**University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany

OVERVIEW OF WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT: RUSSIA AND GERMANY

Renewable energy (including wind power) – one of the main trends in the modern world power production. Growing contribution of renewable energy sources (RES) in the global energy consumption is determined by several key factors: steady consumption of energy in the world, lack of traditional fuels, creeping rise in oil prices, searching for the environmental friendly energy sources, targeting of many countries to energy security (by diversifying energy sources and increasing the use of renewable energy), concern of climate change under influence of growing concentration of greenhouse gases in the troposphere.

Converting wind power into different forms of energy (mechanical, thermal, electrical) take a place through use of wind turbines (WT). On average in the world with the use of wind turbines produced 1.7% of the energy of the total energy consumption. Significant progress in the development of wind energy in terms of installed capacity of wind power reached the United States, China, and among the EU countries - Germany and Spain. In many EU countries as a result of increased investment in the wind energy, followed by the annual increase in capacity of power plants. Contribution of wind turbines in the final energy consumption is growing steadily.

Thus, according to 2011 in Denmark with the help of wind turbines produced more than 20% of the country's electricity in Portugal – 19%, in Ireland – 14%, in Germany – 8%. By the end of 2011 the total installed capacity of wind power plants was about 280 GW. Thus, wind power in recent decades has become a major segment of the "alternative" energy.

Wind power in Germany. Industry leader in wind energy and wind power generation in the EU is Germany. By the early 90-ies of XX century, the German government has developed a comprehensive program to support the use of renewable energy. In the 90 years of the twentieth century, German wind energy has developed rapidly. Already in 2006, wind power in Germany produced a total of 20.62 million kW of power (see Fig. 1). For comparison, the entire hydropower in Germany in 2006, making up 28% less electricity. The profit of the German wind energy industry in the same 2006 amounted to 7.2 billion euros, in which 5.6 billion euros accounted for technical support of wind turbines and their components [6].

Fig. 1 Dynamics of the annual total capacity of wind power in Germany

Substantial segment profit of the German wind energy - wind power production and their components. Manufacture of turbines and components in Germany, covers 37% of the world market. More than 70% produced equipment is exported, the approximate total turnover reaches 3.5 billion euro, which has a positive effect on the economy. In recent years, in Germany every year of commissioning at least a thousand wind turbines [6]. The rated power of the majority of generators ranged from 2.1 to 3.6 MW. In 2011 the country worked 20,301 wind turbines with a total capacity of 23,903 MW (see Fig. 2) [10]. Thanks to the performance achieved by the end of 2011 from wind energy was able to produce 1.6% of all electricity in Germany.

Fig. 2 Placement of wind power in Germany in 2011 [4]

An important issue is the amount of the cost of alternative energy. Due to the high cost of completing the initial operation period of wind turbines less cost-effective in comparison with conventional energy sources. However, the profitability of wind turbines is increasing annually, allowing 5-7 years of service to cover all installation costs [4]. Technology of wind energy close to the level of competitiveness with the conventional technologies, and in some favorable conditions and have surpassed this level. In recent decades, the cost of energy produced by a wind-down at times. In Germany, after the depreciation of all funds invested in wind turbines, the cost per unit of electricity generated from wind power is lower than costs of traditional energy sources.

Wind power in Russia. Despite the global trends in alternative energy sources, Russia continues to build on the momentum of traditional (carbon) energy sources. The basis of the country's energy fuel are gas, oil and solid fuel. Thus, in 2009 Russia had produced a total of 1.0667 trillion kilowatt-hours of energy, where more than 65% generated by thermal power plants, about 17% with the nuclear power plants, more than 15% by hydroelectric power plants [7].

Renewable energy sources in Russia annually products from the plants no more than 8.5 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity, which is less than 1% of the total country's electricity. The use of wind energy is close to this figure. The combined capacity of wind turbines Russia in 2011 amounted to about 15.5 MW (see Fig. 3), which is almost 2000 times less than in Germany. Specified amount of electricity produced wind power installations in Germany for about 5.5 hours.

Fig. 3 Dynamics of the annual total capacity of wind power Russia

Russia has a very high potential for wind energy development. The technical potential of electricity generation from wind energy in the country estimated at 65.166 trillion kWh per year [8]. Economic potential lies in the range from 31 to 250 billion kWh per year, which can be up to 30% of energy produced by all plants of the country. However, the budget and economic policy of the vast country regions number are not focused on the use of alternative energy sources (see Fig. 4).

Fig. 4 Distribution of wind power companies in the Russian regions in 2011

Currently in Russia there are 10 large wind parks, covering 90% of assimilated wind potential of the country. The remainder of the building is represented by small wind power plant a total of 1,600 units and a range of capacities from 0.1 to 30 kW [9].

Penetration of renewable energy in the energy market, Russia is constrained by its extreme sluggishness. Nevertheless, global trends (and revealing experience of Germany) indicate that renewable energy including wind power, deserves the full support, primarily in the form of stimulating economic measures. Among them specifically set higher tariffs for electricity purchased from power plants and ensure the profitability of renewable energy power generation. For example, in Germany, such tariffs were first introduced in 2000 and valid from minor adjustments to the present.

Market-oriented electricity production of the first wind power plants in Russia, started at the beginning of the XXI century. In recent years, an ever-increasing volume of their output in the segment of high-power in the hundreds of units per year. The total cost of the stations is estimated at 540 thousand dollars [2]. However, the production of wind turbines are mainly engaged in small private companies. In the Russian Federation there is no competitive manufacturer, capable to represent the country in the global market for alternative sources of energy in general and wind turbines in particular.

The implementation of the new wind power capacity in Russia is slow - about 8% per year, which is one of the lowest in the world. In 2013 Russian government launched a program of financial support for the development of renewable energy, by 2020, the country should be introduced about 3.6 GW of wind power capacity. This would amount to more than half of the expected capacity of all power renewable energy by 2020 (about 6 GW).

Created the legal framework to stimulate the industry of renewable energy in Russia provides for the development of production of electricity from generating plants based on wind power. In this case, the Government provided the target indicator – increase by 2020 the share of renewable energy up to 4.5% of the total electricity generated in Russia.

In conclusion, we note that the resources of renewable energy, including wind resources, the vast territory of Russia are very unevenly distributed, making it necessary to assess this potential local. In addition, it is clear that the development of autonomous and distributed energy using renewable energy sources in the coming years will be largely determined the initiative of the regional authorities, as well as private businesses.

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