Historyczne nauki
Mustafayeva
A.A.
Almaty,
Kazakhstan
A
role of the Muslim immigrants in the UK in the 19 century
Abstract. By the end of World War II in the United Kingdom the number of Muslim
immigrants representatives from a number of Asian and African countries was
negligible. However, in the 50s of the last century before many developed
countries of the world, in particular to Britain, became the challenge of
reconstruction of industry in the postwar years. In order to restore and
further development of key industries in the country there is a need to attract
cheap labor from less developed countries, including the British colonies.
Keywords. Britain, Great Britain, Muslims, immigration, Islam
The history of
relations between Britain and the Islamic world evolved in the Middle Ages,
when the development of trade relations was given one of the leading places in
diplomacy. In the British Museum in London, among the most valuable pieces of
work, testifying about the functioning of the diplomatic relations of medieval
England with other countries, stored and gold coins with the Arabic script.
Among historians there is a version that the coins dating to the reign of King
Offa of Mercia (Eng. Offa), minted in England and were used to trade with the
Arab-Muslim dynasty in Spain. The second factor, confirming the development of
relations in the Middle Ages between the Arab-Muslim world and Britain is the
translation of pieces of work into Latin, including science (mathematics,
physics, biology, etc.) It is known that in the Arab world in the Middle Ages
there was a huge amount of valuable works, the value of which is not lost up to
day.
Another
significant feature of relations between the Arab-Muslim Empire and Britain
celebrated Muslim scholar Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwarizmi (780-850). In his work
entitled "Kitab Surat al-Ard" (the book is a picture of the Earth),
which includes a world map of the first of its kind, the author reflected and
the British Isles. Since there is a number of examples, which the British made
the journey in the Arab countries as for the study of the Arabic
language, and for the transfer of the most valuable work of the Latin language,
written in Arabic. For example, Adelard (Adelard of Bath), known as "the
first English researcher", translated some of the work, including the most
valuable work on mathematics and astronomical tables belonging to al-Khwarizmi.
The result of the translation process, the Arab-Indian figures were presented
to the West.
The first group
of Muslims arrived in the UK consisted of sailors of the British East India
Company (founded in 1600 by decree of Elizabeth I) from India. Shortly after
them, to the territory of the United Kingdom and the sailors began to come from
Yemen, where Aden has become a major port city, connecting with the Middle and
Far East. Currently, the number of Yemenis who immigrated to Britain, has
reached about 80 000 [1, 4]. Thus, the first Muslim community in Britain
created in port cities such as London,
Cardiff, Liverpool, Birmingham. The result of the process of immigration in
1860, the first mosque was built in the city of Cardiff, and in 1889 in Woking [2,15] (funded by the lord of
Bhopal (India) Shah Jahan (Shah Jehan). The second mosque in many sources in
English viewed as "Muslim church". The Englishman William Abdullah
Quilliam, adopted the Muslim faith, in 1887 he founded a mosque on Mount Vernon
Street in Liverpool. Thus, the first mosques were based in Cardiff, Woking and
Liverpool.
Construction of
the mosque was carried out later by funding charity, it could be a simple
person, organization, or individual person. Along with the main function of the
mosque (in the Arab world and North Asia) is a place for prayers for both men
and women, it began to perform as an educational and social role that is
observed in the United States. Mosques in the UK, which were originally built
as a mosque consists of a main hall for prayer, libraries, educational rooms
(classes) for children. Nevertheless, there is a small mosque, positioned at
homes, apartments, and even churches [3, 9]. Small mosques sometimes have to
rent the premises for a few hours for the Friday prayer.
Other
professionals who have immigrated to the UK steel chefs from Sylhet (Bangladesh)
to work on ships and restaurants of London in the 80s of the XIX century [1,
5]. The construction of the Suez Canal in 1869 was the other reason for the new
wave of immigration groups to work in ports and ships. Besides maritime
affairs, Muslims in Britain have created a business, so Monschau Mohammed Said,
who arrived in Britain in 1777, founded the «Indian Vapour Bath and Shampooing
Establishment» (the Indian company on the shower and shampoo products), which
was at the reception and presented to King George IV. Along with maritime and
economic factors that encourage citizens to Asia and Africa to come to Britain,
and was getting a decent amount of European education and wishing to receive
British education grew. So, if in 1845 in Britain, there were 4 students, then
in 1890 207 - Indian students, and in 1910 - 710.
Since the XIX
century Britain, like other European countries, began to actively use
immigrants from Muslim countries
protectorates, colonies as cheap labor. Britain conquered vast territories
of the Islamic world, including the Middle East and Africa, such as the
expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798, the opening of the Suez Canal in
1869, the conquest of Egypt in 1882, posting an Anglo-Egyptian condominium over
Sudan in 1898 and other subsequent processes, coverage of Egypt, to consolidate
the position of Great Britain in the Middle East.
During the XIX
century, the presence of Muslim immigrants in the UK increased by the flow of
cheap labor of immigrants from Muslim countries. The main share is the number
of people quitting the British colonies located in different parts of the
world, particularly in Asia and Africa.
References
1 Shoaib Mohammad Sultan Muslims in
Britain // The meeting of the European Council of Religious leaders in
Birmingham. – 2007. – P. 1-19
2 Humayun Ansari The Infidel Within:
Muslims in Britain Since 1800. – London: C&Hurst Ltd, 2004. – P. 270
3 Ehsan Masood British Muslims Media
Guide. – Lndon: British Council, 2006. – P. 38