Nurgul Tutinova

Republic of Kazakhstan, state Karaganda, Karaganda Economical University,

Kazakhstan during the period of Great Patriotic War

(1941 – 1945)

As well as all the country Kazakhstan took an active part in participation of the defense of the country since the beginning of the Creat Patriotic War. Before the war Kazakhstan had huge sources of people and strategical natural sources. The war became the hardest test for all the nations of the Sovetic Union. The great military economical machine of the Hitler's Germany came to the country. According to the plan named «Barbarossa» the heads of Germany found the Sovetuc Union as «an artificial and flabby unity of different nations» as «an ethnical conglomerate deprived the internal unity» and as «a colossus on the clay». That was a purpose of the Germany to separate the sovetic nations , to conquer their lands, sources and to turn people into slaves of the third Reich. The had a plan to exterminate sovetic people by national, race and political reasons. The plan «Ost» is a proof of that. According to the plan fascists planned to create 5 reich comissariats such as «Ostland» (Belorussia and Baltic countries), «Ukraine», «Moscowia» (Central Russia), «Caucas». It was considered to create «Grossturkestna» , «Panturkestan» in the territory of the Southern Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Central, northern and northern-east districts of Kazakhstan had to become a part of the «industrial areas» as Karaganda, Novosibirsk and Kuzneck. It was planned to remove Ukranian, Belorussian, Polish, Hungarian and other nations to these areas. According to the plan of the fascists governors the sovetic country had to be destroyed and population of the country had to be exterminated as well as the sources of the country had to be transferred to the conquerors [1]. The most important problem to be considered in the modern historical literature is a question about the critical periods of the Great Patriotic War.
Today's sources say that the irrevocable losses of the Red Army, navy and border and internal troops during the Great Patriotic War was 11444,1 thousands of military men (excluding the losses of men who participated in national militia and guerrila groups). Besides that sanitary losses (wounded, contused, frost-bitten, sick) were 22326905 people [2]. It's evident that such huge losses in the military forces required inordinary decisions and organization of the mass events to preserve and then to force the fighting capacity of the army. During the period of War the Military Forces of the USSR called 34476,7 thousands of people (including mobilization of 29474,9 thousand people)(2,139). To find the concrete decision for completion of losses in the Military Forces is the main part of the researc of the history of 1941-1945.
On census of 1939 at the period before the war 6,2 million people lived in Kazakhstan [3]. 1,2 million of them were mobilized to the army, while about 700 thousands were mobilized for the military industry. Some interesting datas are described in the article of Belan P. «What did the war take from us?». Some published datas are: the number of mobilized is 1366164 people, disabled people of the war are 85360 people and other losses of the reduction of birth rate 591038 people can help us to count other demographic indexes [4]. The academician Kozybayev M. wrote «... the soldiers of the Russian nationality were the core of the Sovetic Army. Near them there were 4,4 million Ukranians, more than 1 million people from Belorussia», more than 3 milllion people fron Kazakhstan and Central Asia including 1,366 million kazakh that means more than 70% male at the age of 18 to 50 years old.
About 700 thosands employers of the republic were mobilized to the labor columns at the industry of the defensive appointment. That was about 26% of the population. Even the German had only 12% (3,256). The number of killed in the fights, died of the wounds, illness and captivity as well as lost in Kazakhstan reached 601011 people or 11,2% excluding the datas on the Mahambet area of Atyrau area, six districts and cities of Zhambyl area.
During the war the birthrate decreased by 592 thosand and the common losses were about 1202000 people (3,268). Besides, at the period of 1937-1944 more than 1,210 million people were deported to Kazakhstan and about 1,210 thosand people were evacuated. In fact, every fifth person in kazakhstan was a special immigrant and the country looked like a huge GULAG of the USSR (3,262). According the datas on the 1 December 1946 there were 8900698 immigrants in Kazakhstan [5]. At the expenses of the evacuated and deported human stocks were filled. Despite the fact that common human stocks were 1202000 people the population of the country at the beginning of 1950 was 6591600 people [6]. It was 443900 people more than in 1940. The social composition of population was changed. For example, comparing to 1940 the number of working population did not decrease but even increased by 13% [7] and 4,8% of them because of evacuated people.
Every forth citizen of the republic went to the front or the military industry. Such a high level of the mobilization is a result of the economic development of Kazakhstan during these years when the most population lived in the village. That's why the specific gravity of peasanty was very high. Another factor that increased the percentage of recruits from Kazakhstan was the patriotism of sovetic people. It was specifically showed in the applications of working people to become recruits to defend their native land.
Since the announcement about mobilization there were a lot of applications about recruiting as soldiers to the Red Army. There were about 3 thosand (Westaern Kazakhstan) to 25 thosand (Karaganda) in every area. They were people of different age and nationalities. 20 to 40% were young girls and women [8]. Despite the strict repressions of Stalin before the war when almost every family in the country suffered from the terror and prosecutions, people asked to the front forgotten all the offenses. The most important role was played by the belief of the people in socialism and hate to facsism, friendship of the nationalities in the country.
The feature of the mobilization in the republic was the fact that the mobilization of aborigines in some areas reached about 50-60%. Sometimes that numver was higher. As the result of mobilization by the 1944 the kazakh intelligency which survived after the repressions of 1930-1937 was sent to the front [9].The Communists made another blow to the front by mobilization of 178 thousand people and 681 thousand of people from Kazakhstan who were mobilized during the period form june 1941 to december 1942 participated in the most bloody fights of the World War Second [10].
Good organozators abilities at the military work were shown by partians, the Komsomol and Sovetic working people of the military time such as Scvortsov N., Shayakhmetov Zh.,Undasynov N.,Kazakpaev A. and others. The success of mobilization was reached by the active work of state and public organizations of working people. At the beginning of the war military comissariats and sovetic organizations were working the whole days and nights preparing the military organizations for the front.
There were formed many military organizations in the territory of Kazakhstan during the war time which made a lot for the Patriotic War. Totally there were formed about 12 shooting divisions, 4 cavalry divisions, 7 shooting brigades, about 50 separate regiments and batallions of different armies. Including 3 national cavalry divisions and 2 national shooting brigades [11]. That is the combination of the Kazakhstan divisions: kazakh people are 30-40%, russian are 30-45%, ukranian are 20-25%, other people of 30 different nationalities are 5-10% [11,68-69].
During all the period of war there was a preparation of reserve for the currency army. On the 17 September 1941 General Comission adopted the resolution «About the total training of all the citizens of the USSR». Thousands of shooters, radists, cavalerists, drivers for the military cars and other military specialists prepared the departments of the total training and organization Osoaviahima, the Red Cross, sports. For example, for the period of 1941-1945 the training departments and organizations of Ocoaviahima of the republic prepared 736 pilots, 667705 shooters, 16055 cavalerists, 42925 radists, 18745 drivers, 8565 sailors and totally 753998 people [11,78-82]. There were working almost thirty institutions where 23 thousand officers and 2,5 thosand sergeants had training [12]. According the information of the trainer of the central department of Communistic party of Kazakhstan of july 1941 women had the great willing to get the medical specialization and to start working in the front. For the 20 july the nurse courses were created in 133 organizations with 4180 people and till the 22 june there were preparing only 609 people [13]. The young women of the village Tastak Alma-Ata district wished to go to the front as the nurses.
During the Great Patriotic War about 500 people from Kazakhstan got the award of Lenin and the medal «Golden Star» and Hero of the USSR. 120 soldiers got the awards of Honor of three degrees. More than 2 thousand people from Kazakhstan got the awards and medals for the participation in the war with Japan and for the heroic feats with the Kvantun army and releasing the nationalities conquered by Japan [14].
The first Hero of the USSR from Kazakhstan in the front was the major general of tank armies Semenchenko Kuzma Alexandrovich who was born in the village Uspenka of the Pavlodar area. His division defeated the direction to Kiev from the fascist tanks many times. The last person who got this award was Baurzhan Momysh Uly. Durin the Moscow battle lieutenant Momysh-Uly ruled the batalion. His batalion was surrounded three times but every time they could manage it providing the withdrawal to the new line for the whole division of Panfilov. At the end of the war the colonel Momysh-Uly rued the 8th shooting division.
We remember with pride and excitement all the heroes born in Kazakhstan who made a feat in the front of the Patriotic Wat, in guerilla driving in the back. Since the beginning of the war people from Kazakhstan showed their patriotism and selflessness in the front. The first who met the enemy were the defendors of the Brest fortress among them were people from Kazakhstan as V.Frusov and K.Turdiev. Heroic feat was made by Kazakhstan people in the battles of Moscow in winter 1941. 28 soldiers from the 316 shooting division of the general Panfilov formed in Alma-Ata near the cross Dubosekova fought with 50 fascists tanks and didn't let them to Moscow. «Russia is great but we can't recede – the Moscow is behind!» - these were the words of the political leader Vassiliy Klochkov which became phrasal words and were heard around all the front. For this feat the division was reorganized to the 8th Guard Panfilov division. Under the Moscow Tolegen Tokhtarov made hos feat when he entered the staff of the German part in the village Borodino and killed 5 German officers. He got the award of the Hero of the USSR posthumous. Malik Gabdullin was a leader of the group shot down the German tanks with his group and released his departments of the surrounding. He got the award of the Hero of The USSR. There were participated 310 and 314 divisions from Kazakhstan in the defense of the hero-city Leningrad. One third of the Kazakhstan organizations fought there. The Hero of the USSR S.Baimagambetov made his feat in the fights for Leningrad who closed earth-and-timber emplacement embrasure with his brest.
During the war for Stalingrad Kazakhstan was the front area. On the 3 September 1942 there were announced martial law in the coast of the Caspian sea and Defense committees were created in Uralsk and Gurievsk, they provided front with all the necessities. In the fights under Stalingrad participated 5 shooting and one cavalry division, sea shooting brigade, mortar regiment and separate bridge construction batalion formed in Kazakhstan. The pilot and hero of the USSR N. Abdirov and the miner K.Satpaev made their feat.
The great fame got the heroes from Kazakhstan in the fight at the Kiev Arch, releasing the sovetic territories from the fascists and in the fights for Berlin. One of the first people who put the victory banner on the Reichstag was the lieutenant R.Koshkarbaev, companies of submachine gunners of I.Syianova supported scouts Yegorov and Cantaria who put the victory banner early morning 1 May 1945. 97 people from Kazakhstan got the award of the Heroes of the USSR. Unfortunately there is a little information about the feats of the heroes from Kazakhstan now. Every day the amount of the documentaries published during the sovetic time reduces. Many feats of the sovetic soldiers left unknown because of the weakness of the office-works in some departments especially at the beginning of the war.
Today the further leaves the heroic days the less people remember about the feats of the heroes of those years. However we shold be objective and estimate all the feats of those who saved the country of the dark plague of facsism and not only us but all the nationalities of Europe. If we speak about the worth of the victory it can be measured with millioms of killed, wounded and lost as well as about the material damage for the humanity.

Literature used:

1. M.Kozybaev, R.Suleimenov, M.Asylbekov and others. The history of Kazakhstan: white patches. Articles. Alma-Ata, 1991; P.Belan True about «Gosturkestan» and «Turkestan legion». –P. 269.

2. The security classification is removed: losses of the Army of the USSR in wars and war conflicts. Statistics. –М., 1993. –P. 130,134,139.

3. M.Kozybaev «Kazakhstan at a turn of centuries: thoughts and seraches». 2 books. Second book. – Almaty: science, 2000. –P.276.

4. P.Belan «What the war took from us?» // Kazakhstan true. – 1995. -№ 85. –P.4.

5. The results of the World War Second. Translation from the Germany. –М., 1957. –P. 512.

6. Demographic year-book of Kazakhstan. – Almaty, Kazakhstan information center. – 1994. –P.5.

7. M.Kozybaev, N.Yedygenov Labor for the Victory. – Almaty, Kazakhstan. – 1995. –P.79.

8. А. Abdakimov The history of Kazakhstan. – Almaty, 2001. –P. 258.

9. G.Kann The history of Kazakhstan. –Almaty, 2000. –P. 174.

10. M.Kozybaev The national history of ХХ century: Myths and reality. // Kazakhstan true. -2000. -№ 129. 25 May.

11. P.Belan At the front. –Аlmaty, 1995. –P. 55, 78-82.

12. Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War of the USSR Documents and materials. –Alma-Ata, 1964. V. 1. –P. 57.

13. V.Taborko Great Patriotic War chronicle. 1941-1945. –М., 1985. –P. 128.

14. M.Kozybaev, M.Asylbekov, K.Nurpeisov The manual on stories of Kazakhstan since the most ancient times up to now. – Alma-Ata, 1992. –P. 133.