ADVERBS WITH WORD FORMATIVE SUFFIX ELEMENTS -И-, -У-, -Ю- IN THE MODERN UKRAINIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

J. O Komlyk, senior teacher

Poltava National Technical

Yuri Kondratyuk Univtrsity

The article is devoted to peculiar features of forming the lexico-grammatical class of adverbs with the help of single-component vocal suffixes. Sufficient attention is paid to the distributive characteristics of these suffixes and to their productiveness within inflexible notional words (contentives).

The Ukrainian language, thanks to its long-lasting development, has acquired the strict phonetic and grammar systems, well-regulated expression means. One of its characteristic features at all stages of its formation has been “continuous change in the parts of speech system, particularly transformation of words and word forms belonging to other parts of speech into adverbs” [4, p.33].

It’s worth mentioning, that in the Ukrainian linguistics the problem of strict separation and dividing words into lexico-grammatical classes has been studied thoroughly enough. Naturally, the adverb, as part of speech “integrating in itself the class of words, having a general category meaning of the non-process action or state attribute, other non-process attribute or thing” [7, p.399] was not deprived of the linguists’ interest, among them being I.P.Vykhovanets [2], K.G.Gorodenska [3], I.M.Uzdygan [7], I.K.Chaplya [9], G.M.Yarun [10] and many others.

In their research works (monographs, manuals, articles etc.) the authors select this lexico-grammatical category as subject to analyzing semantic and functional characteristics (primarily causal [5, p.34-39], locative [6, p.77-87] adverb groups and their morphological and syntax peculiarities [1, p.34-39].

Meanwhile, the linguists’ attention is concentrated on studying purely grammar aspects of these inflexible contentives, whereas the problem of phonomorphological features of the adverb’s morphemic structure has not been finally clarified yet, thus causing the topicality of the present study.

Adverbs belong to the lexico-grammatical class of inflexible contentives, which, possessing no morphological paradigm, are characterized by their morphemic structure diversity, component and structural patchiness. They have been replenished for ages due to innovations based on practically all notional parts of speech with the help of various word-forming elements – prefixes, suffixes and confixes. We define the confix as “a word-forming element providing the unity of the prefix with other morphemes (suffix, postfix) simultaneously used in the word formation process” [8, p.253].

The most productive elements in adverbs structure, to our opinion, are single-component suffixes, which are associated with a single vowel phoneme and can have various orthographic layers of expression. It is for that reason, that features of several single-phoneme suffixes (-и-; - у-; -ю-) have been selected as the subject to be analyzed. These suffixes are represented by the vowels -у- and -и- in adverbs.

Our basic attention is emphasized on these very suffixes and their distributive features, irrespective of the suffixal or suffixal-prefixal method of word formation. We considered it reasonable to determine these affixes’ productiveness in adverbs and the positions, where these meaningful parts of word most frequently occur. It should be mentioned, that we didn’t set it our goal to characterize the prefixal formants, helping to form adverbs together with single-component vocal suffixes.

The material of the present study was taken from the handbook dictionary “Morphemic Analysis” by I.T.Yatsenko [11], comprising over 117 thousand lexical units.

Using the overall sampling method we have selected and analyzed 417 adverbs, comprising in their structure single-phoneme suffixes, formed by vowels -и- and -у-.

Hypothetically, one suffix group integrated single-phoneme structural elements, having several layers of orthographic expression. For example, phonologically similar suffixes, to our mind, are suffixes -у-, -ю- (досхочу, попідтинню), because they are associated with one and the same phoneme I-у-I.

As a result of the study, three word-forming groups of adverbs have been classified. In their structure single-phoneme suffixes -и-, -у-, -ю-, represented by vowels и, у, were easily identified.

Among the determined word formative categories, the most widespread is the one, containing the derivative suffix -и-, e.g. по-українськи. The total of 291 lexemes have been selected, thus making 61.7% of all the analyzed adverbs. It is significant, that suffix -и- occurs more frequently after the root ending in a consonant phoneme (e.g. восени осінь; щосили сила; повіки вік).

The phonetic picture of prepositional suffixes is rather variable and presents an interesting material for research observations. We mean the nature of consonant prepositional suffixes, i.e. purely distributive features of combinatory power of vocal suffix -и-, which is productive enough after a suffix, represented by a consonant, e.g. похапки (derivative of хапати + к + и); цапки (denominative of цап + к + и); тутки (derivative of тут + к + и).

We consider it interesting, that suffix -и- can participate in forming adverbs together with several derivative suffixal elements.

It should be mentioned, that the most peculiar position of suffix -и- is when it is located after another suffix (152 cases – 34.3%): по-грецьки, диявольськи, по-звірськи. Sometimes two suffixes may occur before it (50 cases – 17.1%): по-австрійськи, по-дідівськи, по-індійськи. In very rare cases one can find three (по-ремісницьки, по-злидняцьки), four ( по-чиновницьки) and five (страждальницьки) suffixes in preposition to suffix -и-. In this connection 10, 3 and 1 lexical unit has been detected, making 3.4%, 1% and 0.3% respectively of the total amount of adverbs possessing suffix -и-. Directly after the root this suffix occurs twice less frequently (75 cases – 25.76%), than after another suffix (one or several). For example: щодоби, по-індичи, докупи.

As to the presence of prefixes, the most frequent is the model with a single prefix (228 cases – 78.3%): по-варшавськи, нітрішки, по-іспанськи, по-вовчи; less frequently it occurs without a prefix (43 cases – 14.7%): гігантськи, верхи, рабськи; quite rarely – with two prefixes (20 cases – 6.8%): знетями, повсюди. Sometimes the model with an interfix occurs (6 cases – 2%), e.g. по-злодійськи.

Suffix -и- is most frequently met after breath consonants (247 cases): по-хазяйськи, анітрохи, по-собачи. It makes 84.8% of all the amount of adverbs possessing the given suffix. Much more rarely it is used after sonorants (26 cases): щозими, відколи, щовесни, thus making 8.9%. Suffix -и- is minimally used after sonants (18 cases – 6.1%), e.g. навкруги, бозна-куди.

Adverbs are known to be derived from all other notional parts of speech (contentives). Here we should remark, that such adverbs preserve “association with the parts of speech they have been historically derived from. Adverbs have peculiar word formative structure. Their bases end in suffixes homonymous to case-endings of this or that part of speech…” [3, p.118].

Suffix -и- is the most widely represented in adverbs of the attributive origin (154 cases – 52.9%), e.g. по-братерськи, по-крутійськи, по-чернечи; less frequently adverbs of the noun origin occur (53 cases – 18.2%): попідруки, потайки, щоніченьки; those of the pronoun origin (34 cases – 11.6%): тутеньки, завжди; of the verb origin (31 case – 10.6%): ускоки, дибки; adverbs with several bases (19 cases – 6.5%): по-старосвітськи, суховершки (see details in Table 1).

Table 1

Productiveness features of the adverbial suffixes -и-, -у-, -ю-

Suffix	Origin Base												Total
	Attribute number		Noun number		Verb number		Pronoun number		Numeral number		Several bases
	abs.	rel.	abs.	rel.	abs.	rel.	abs.	rel.	abs.	rel.	abs.	rel.	abs.	rel.
-и-	154	52.9	53	18.2	31	10.6	34	11.6	0	0	19	6.5	291	99.8
-у-	40	24.09	91	54.8	20	12.04	2	1.2	2	1.2	11	6.6	166	99.93
-ю-		7.1	9	64.2	0	0	2	14.2	0	0	2	14.2	14	99.7

Suffix -у- participates in forming the total of 166 adverbs, and its orthographic variant -ю- only participates in 14 cases.

Model + -у- (root + suffix -у-) occurs in 99 adverb formations, making 59.6%, e.g. доверху, внизу, понадміру, начистоту.

Model + -ю- (root + suffix -ю) is only used in 13 words (92.8%), e.g. уволю, попідвіконню.

Interestingly, that suffix -у- is most frequently used after other suffixes. Numerically, it is expressed as follows:

Model ^-у- occurs in 63 cases, making 37.9%:

Пораненьку, відмалку, уперебіжку.

Model ^^-у-occurs in 5 words, making 3%:

Спочатку, усухом’ятку.

Such models are not specific to the formation of adverbs with suffix -ю-. The only word containing one more suffix before -ю- has been found: повністю.

In adverbs suffix -ю- is most frequently used after a breath consonant (95 cases – 57/2%): полегеньку, потроху, достоту; less frequently it occurs after a sonorant (42 cases – 25.3%): втемну, потому and quite rarely it is used after a sonant (31 case – 18.6%): поблизу. Suffix -ю- occurs in somewhat different order: after a sonorant (8 cases – 57.1%): попідтинню; after a breath consonant (5 adverbs – 35.7%): силоміццю; and after a sonant (1 word – 7.1%): заміжжю.

The most typical for the both suffixes is their affixing to the noun base, respectively: with -у- – 91 adverb (54.8%): невпам’ятку, скраєчку, усліпу, улітку; with -ю- – 9 adverbs (64.2%): повністю; attributive base with suffix -у- –40 cases (24%): змолоду, помаленьку, здавну; with -ю- – 1 adverb (7.1%): повністю; verbal base with suffix -у- – 20 cases (12%): спохвату, досхочу; numerical base – 2 adverbs (1.2%): спершу. Adverbs with suffix -ю- are not formed by two derivative bases. The pronoun base occurs in two lexical units with suffixes -у- and -ю-, respectively: причому, унічию. Several bases also form adverbs with suffixes -у- – 11 cases (6.6%), -ю- – 2 cases (14.2%), respectively: спервовіку, силоміццю (see Tab.1).

As it is seen, studying of only separate word formative elements of adverbs (suffixes -и-,-у-,-ю-) clarifies peculiarities of this lexico-grammatical category and its exceptional phonetic and morphological potential as that of the notional part of speech.

References

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