Agriculture

E.E. Epimahova, professor

I.A. Trubina, docent

Stavropol State Agrarian University, Russia
FEATURES EGGS OF DIFFERENT BREEDS OF TURKEYS

 

Development breeding turkeys determined research and production progress, limited resources feed the increased demand for turkey meat and consumer demands for quality and safety. According to the number of turkeys in third place after chickens and ducks - more than 3 % of the total poultry population.

Global production of meat turkeys are concentrated in the United States and Canada (60 %), EU (35 %) and Brazil (8 %). European countries are the leaders of Germany, France and Italy. Compared with other types of productive turkey birds do not differ a great genetic diversity. Among the world's described locally bred turkeys population is 91,7 %, chickens and ducks – 95,1 %. They remain in vivo into the gene pool of research facilities, in decorative poultry farming as a cultural-historical and aesthetic value. The total number of industrial breeds of turkeys on the share falls 5,2 %.

Between populations and species turkeys there are biologically determined differences in conformation, plumage, meat quality, blood biochemical parameters, finally, the quality and hatchability of eggs, respectively.

Turkey egg hatching represents a large female sex cell with a supply of nutrients and water in a confined shell volume sufficient for the development of the embryo is female body.

Production of commodity products in the meat turkey is based on the selection and crossing of specialized contrasting in live weight and fecundity lines (parental forms) turkeys in heavy, medium and light crosses. Egg production of turkeys, depending on the species and lines ranges from 30 to 105 pieces. The greatest reproductive performance characterized turkey light type, the least - heavy type. Among agricultural birds turkeys are conditionally "krupnoyaichnymi." Variability of mass turkey eggs in one breed is an average of 4 – 9 % .

The ratio of the weight of shell eggs turkeys compared with other types of relatively low, which makes developing embryo more sensitive to the effects of gas exchange parameters during incubation.

The relative proportions of the components of turkey eggs varies depending on the breed, age and conditions of the birds.

In this regard, the object of our study were turkey breeds of domestic gene pool "of the North-Caucasian Zonal Experimental Station of Poultry" (SKZOSP) Stavropol Territory - white North Caucasian (white north-caucasus), Bronze North Caucasus (bronze north-caucasus), black Tikhoretskaya (black tihoreckaya), White Moscow (white moscow), Uzbek bronze (bronze uzbek) and fawn Uzbek (palevaya uzbek).

Groups of different genotypes turkeys feathers and flowers for identification and prevention of cannibalism were placed in sections of 15-18 goals in houses with paddock.

From each breed turkeys at the second, seventh, eleventh and sixteenth weeks of egg production in two or three contiguous days average sample collected eggs.

We noted that on a yellowish-cream or matte white shell turkey eggs color speckles varies from reddish purple to light brown color, size - from very small to very large. By the end of the production period mottle eggs it was less pronounced. There are no special features compared to breeds of turkeys color and mottle shell on the basis of visual assessment is not installed.

With single assessment under identical conditions of belonging to different genotypes turkeys gene pool herds SKZOSP impact on the size of eggs.

The average weight of the eggs of turkeys is 79,8 g, the amount – 73,1 cm3, the surface area of the shell – 88,7 cm2. Limit (lim) between breeds for egg mass is 5,6 g, the volume – 5,2 cm3 in size – 4,7 cm 3, respectively.

North Caucasian white turkey breed average for productive period postponed the largest, fawn Uzbek breed - the smallest eggs. The difference between the two groups are significant at P <0,01. Moreover, the larger turkey eggs, the smaller the surface area of the shell accounts for each gram weight: turkeys white rocks of the North Caucasus and in Moscow 1,10 cm2/g, the remaining rocks – 1,ή12 cm2 g.

From the second to the sixteenth week of egg weight of eggs increased in the North Caucasus white turkeys and Moscow rock by 4,7 and 7,8 % (P <0,01), and black Tikhoretskaya Uzbek bronze rocks to a lesser extent - by 1,3 and 2-3 %. However, the layers of the North Caucasian bronze and pale-colored eggs Uzbek rock mass with age fluctuated slightly.

According to the classification SD Marsden, DH Martin, the egg white turkeys North Caucasus and Moscow rock mass can be attributed to the average, the remaining genotypes - small to medium, in Russian, given in the book "Breeding poultry"- to the middle and small, respectively.

This is logical in terms of regularity: the closer the genotype of poultry to wild ancestors, so they have smaller eggs.

The ratio of all components of the eggs of turkeys is crucial for effective embryogenesis. The egg yolk is concentrated principal amount of fat, protein, fat-soluble vitamins, protein - protein with water, some water-soluble vitamins and minerals.

In our study, the differences between breeds turkeys gene pool of the share of the protein and egg yolks generally low (1,4 and 1.2%), however, the smallest turkey eggs pale yellow Uzbekistan rocks distinguished from all genotypes lowest protein content (at 0, 8-1,4%) and the largest - the yolk (0,8 – 1,2%). Therefore, it is the smallest in this group the ratio of protein to the yolk – 1,79.

The relative weight of the egg shell rock is compared at the same level – 10,9 – 11,2 % (average 11,0 %) and by the end of the egg production cycle is reduced to 10,5 – 10,8 %, or an average of 0,3 %.

Analyzed qualitative characteristics of egg albumen and yolk turkeys compared sawmills, was within the range of statistical orienting.

The average index of the protein hatching turkey eggs is 0,083, yolk – 0,458, the number of units Howe – 78,4. Characterized by a great diversity index of protein (the limit of 15,6 %) compared with the index and yolk units Howe (limits of 8,2 and 7,6 % respectively).

In terms of physical, objective measures of albumen and yolk, egg stand turkeys black Tikhoretskaya and Uzbek pale yellow rocks, which compared with other breeds, on average significantly higher than the indices of the protein, the yolk and Howe units by 10,0  and 4,7 % respectively (P <0.01).

Optical properties of the egg yolk protein and turkeys are practically identical and relatively constant during the period of egg production. Refraction factor protein is an average 1,3559 (limit 0,3 %), yolk – 1,4200 (limit 0,1 %).

Morphological indicators turkey hatching eggs of six species of the collection of the gene pool SKZOSP, interconnected and characterized as solids content in whole egg and eggshell strength.

Thus, the density of eggs on average for all breeds of turkeys being compared gene pool (the collection) herd above 1,075 g / cm3 or minimum level for normal embryogenesis.

In the North Caucasus white turkeys and pale-colored eggs Uzbek rock density slightly higher than that of other breeds (0,1 – 0,5 %).

The elastic deformation of the shell (UD) - amount of deflection of the shell at the site of application specific weight (500 grams), the average for the evaluated genotypes turkeys is 19,9 microns, indicating the high quality of the egg shell, and indirectly to the optimum level in terms of feeding turkeys SKZOSP, that is important for the overall implementation of bioresource potential bird.

In the group of bronze and white turkeys North Caucasus rocks UD better than others on 3,5 – 10,4 % and it is in these same groups do set maximum thickness (1,6 – 2,5 and 1,4 – 2,2 %), and therefore, the strength of the shell.

Thickness of shell eggs of turkeys compared genotypes average is 0,377 mm at 5,9 – 8,9 % variability. In accordance with the biological laws, by the end of the production period the thickness of the shell, on average throughout the gene pool was reduced by 0,027 mm, including from the eggs of turkeys white North Caucasian breed minimal (0.001 mm), and the birds of pale yellow Uzbek breed as much (at 0,047 mm ). In this regard, at the end of the laying of the first culled from 6,6 %, the second – 11,0 % of the eggs with a damaged shell (Combat).

The most porous shells on the sum of the ordinary and the "blind" turkey eggs have been black and bronze Tikhoretskaya Uzbek rocks. In comparison with the other groups was 4,1 – 8,5 % difference (P <0,01).

According to the ranking score better on a range of indicators it is a shell egg white and bronze North Caucasian breed, medium - bronze Uzbek breed worst - Moscow white, black and fawn Tikhoretskaya Uzbek rocks.

These materials can be used to standardize the collection of the gene pool breeds of turkeys, monitoring the quality characteristics of eggs, as well as to adjust the incubation of eggs of turkeys of the gene pool. In addition to the incubation eggs of turkeys can be used as a food, not yielding to the traditional chicken, quail and guinea-fowl in quality and taste.

Recycling food turkey eggs in the Russian Federation is regulated by GOST.

Dietary eggs of turkeys for qualitative characteristics should meet the following requirements: the mass of not less than 60 g; odor; the height of the air chamber – no more than 8 mm; yolk in transmission on candling - a little conspicuous, slightly moved; protein-enough tight, bright, clear; shell - free of damage and clean; storage period at 0 – 8 ° C - not more than 25 days.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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