Технические науки/9. Авиация и космонавтика

Nickolay Zosimovich¹, Volodymyr Kotkov²

¹National Aviation University (Kiev, Ukraine )

² National Agrarian and Ecology University (Zhytomyr, Ukraine)

Designing the ground complex information and managing fields of control the unmanned air vehicles

Introduction. Managing fields of aviation components of complexes are designing small length unmanned air vehicles (UAV) for operative environmental and ecological monitoring and it is directly connected to designing an aviation complex (АC) as a whole. The correct organization information field of AC, choice and accommodation manual management of bodies is essentially influence recognition by operator the necessary information in flight at all stages of a route, and also an opportunity of fast reaction at change of conditions. The AC basic parameters of information and managing field (IMF) are connected to geometry of accommodation of indicators and the controls, determined by zones of recognition the visual device a person, anthropometrical given and time expenses for management. Successful performance of operations by operator control UAV for operative environmental and ecological monitoring and its systems directly influences safety of flight and efficiency of actions, the concept of a most rational zone of the accommodation allowable and inadmissible zones is formed.

In designing practice of АC it is accepted, that any increase in FV crew (number of operators) in comparison with minimally possible (one operator) demands a careful substantiation in view of allowable loading at all stages of functioning, expenses for managerial processes automation, for training of additional operators, and also the analysis of a possible flying and technical reduction level the characteristics of a complex [1].

Literature Review. IMF is intended to representation for a operator (operators) of the necessary information on АC current condition and its systems on which the person makes an estimation of conditions and makes the decision, and also for decisions realization by a help of controls or their simulators. At the IMF structural and parametrical configuration as initial the anthropometrical data, features of recognition the information by a person in flight, dynamic characteristics of a person as a link in a control system are used [2]. Now the significant volume of the experimental statistical data on the basis of АС IMF which recommendations on rational designing are developed is saved up [1-3].

Technical Approach. Under the basis of a structural and parametrical analysis of [4-5] anthropometrical data and features of the person visual device [3, 4] recommendations on accommodation by means of indication and controls are developed. The block diagram of work the operator in watching system is resulted on Fig. 1. Stages of operator АC activity on management UAV for operative environmental and ecological monitoring in the closed system are shown: a signal detection of a mismatch between the set of movement and a controlled object condition, signal identification by size and by direction, estimation of a situation and decision-making a control way, object manual control. All these processes can be occurring simultaneously.

Fig. 1. Structural circuit of a UAV control system for operative environmental and ecological monitoring with a person (operator)

In some cases we may use a simplified transfer function from size of a mismatch to managing influence as where factor of amplification of an operator; a time constant of delay at the information recognition (0,25 s); a time constant of delays of motor reaction (0,125 s); Laplace transform. For an objective estimation of reliability (correct work) and accuracy of functioning of the person (operator) special laboratory dynamic plants are created [5, 6].

The structural and parametrical analysis the anthropometrical data and accommodation by means of indication and management of a ground aviation complex. Structural and parametrical designing АС IMF basing on the statistical anthropometrical data, i.e. on the data by results of sizes of the person measurement and separate parts of his body. The statistics has established that the anthropometrical data are not constants in time and in space. So, beginning approximately, since 60-th of the last century, the increase in average growth of the person are observed. In various areas of globe growth also can significant vary. There are anthropometrical data and the data differ by sex depending [3].

The development history of aircraft has shown, that some stock on sizes AC has allowed prolonging a life of some aviation complexes for many years [4, 5]. The basic for structural and parametrical designing АС IMF are sizes of the person in sitting position. Conditionally all are sizes long was possible to divide into the general data and determining zones of reach [2]. These data are necessary for correcting on a clothing size [8].

According to the structural and parametrical analysis basis [7, 9] the anthropometrical data and features of the visual device of the person [8, 10] recommendations on accommodation by means of indication and controls in zones of reach (optimum and allowable) are developed (Fig. 2). For crew of operators from two and more person accommodation is probably beside in same room or in various rooms. In depending on functional division of tasks at two and more crew of operators members is variants completely conterminous on structure АС IMF are possible, with partial use of the general devices of indication and with specialized IMF (similarly as a pilot and a navigator).

Estimation opportunities of the person as regulator in retrieval to UAV control system for operative environmental and ecological monitoring. The person (operator) in ground АC system on management UAV for operative environmental and ecological monitoring carrying out number of functions of manual management – from the elementary, such as buttons pressing, to complex movements of controls with the purpose to transfer UAV or its systems in a set condition.

Fig. 2. Reaching zones of the operator in vertical (а) and horizontal (б) planes [3]

The structural and parametrical analysis of basic elements and characteristics of a system the person and the machine in management of a ground aviation complex. During piloting UAV for operative environmental and ecological monitoring the operator according to the problem and perceived signals of a vector (so-called stimulus) developing managing influences which are transferred to object of management (Fig. 3). Through corresponding internal feedback the operator can be perceive components of a vector

Fig. 3. Elements of a UAV control system for operative environmental and ecological monitoring: entrance (command signal); external disturbance; the putting effort to the lever of management; physiological reaction; mentality and physiological reaction; target signal

The operator perception of stimulus occurs or by direct, i.e. supervision visually for UAV, or by help of special technical devices (monitors). The concept of the monitor has rather wide interpretation, forming and transmitting stimulus at entrance of one or another operator precognition channel. Command stimulus where and input and output signals of a closed humane-machine system, present time, the time interval determining either the predicted or already transferred.

Structurally the greatest distribution was received are visual monitors (displays): flight and navigating monitors, and command devices. Last years the significant attention is given development of so-called tactile and acoustical monitors transmitting the information through tactile and under person acoustic analyzer [8, 10]. The system of modern flight stands mobility also can be considered as the vestibular analyzer monitor (display) influencing both transmitting linear and angular acceleration.

For compensating monitor command stimulus is a signal proportional to tracking mistake [10]: где the linear filter (in the elementary case For command device a signal is total reaction of filters to corresponding phase coordinates: Except for a tracking signal mistake on the accompanying monitor screen, the entrance signal and (or) reaction object of management is reproduced

The prediction monitor differs from previous that it carries out the forecast (or the last information) about additional signals на момент времени at the time where the forecasting interval, present time. Each of considered monitors determines humane-machine system type on management ground AC. To first of above mentioned monitors there is corresponds a command tracking system. In case of visual prompting to the reference point moving UAV on a background of a ground or objects, humane-machine system represents a supporting system, and command stimulus are signals and The prediction system takes place on UAV piloting at small heights. Such type of system can be created by help of a flight monitor on which screen, alongside with current information, a coordinates forecast is deduced of unmanned air vehicle for operative environmental and ecological monitoring.

All piloting problems can be subdivided into structural subproblems of the limited duration [6]. In case dynamic characteristics of UAV during piloting do not vary or vary insignificantly, that is fair in most cases, that the control object mathematical model is described by system of the linear differential equations with constant factors or transfer functions. There is control levers (manipulators) intended for a operator control transfer reactions:

· mobile for which target signals are proportional to angular or linear moving at control in a vertical plane or a at control on a roll, and in some cases are equal to the effort put to the lever (manipulator) in its moving ;

· motionless for which target signals are proportional to put effort.

Properties of an entrance (command) signal or indignation substantially influence characteristics of operator managing actions. In many piloting tasks an entrance signal or is close on the properties to casual stationary process. For a frequency rectangular spectrum there is a sharp change of spectral density [7].

At a casual entrance signal an operator cannot usually predict its size, and if this signal is not displayed to the monitor (display) UAV-operator system is compensating. At the determined entrance signal close on the properties to harmonious, the operator, in the beginning reacting only on a mistake, rather quickly distinguishes him and allocates from a signal During short time intervals it can operate under the program disconnecting an UAV-operator contour. Thus, during performance of a system UAV-operator problem consistently undergoes changes. It is go from compensating through accompanying to system with a full prediction.

Influence of variables on behavior of the operator can be determined on his reaction [8]. There are following reactions: 1) a control (or managing influence) 2) mentality and physiological 3) physiological

Parameters of physiological reaction are the pulse rate, a blood pressure, a body temperature, frequency of breath, etc. [4].

The structural and parametrical analysis of methods of modelling humane-machine system in a ground aviation complex control. One of probable methods of a structural and parametrical estimation of a humane-machine system projected with complex functions of an operator is mathematical modelling (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Block diagram the algorithm of humane-machine system mathematical modelling

In the block 1 the change sequence of conditions of an environment or controlled object in time is formed according to the accepted laws of phases of transition distribution. The block 2 defines number of simultaneously acting messages is an information channels quantity. The block 3 carries out check of a simultaneous work condition of two operators. At a condition performance of a the second operator can be in a reserve.

Blocks 4 and 5 carry out an estimation of a mistake and duration of operation performance accordingly, at functioning one or two operators. Parameters and are complex functions of a level of their qualification, character of the acting information, probable deficiency of time and external influences on operators. The block 6 carries out check of a condition of occurrence of intensity in time then in the block 7 or 8 modelling functioning of operators is carried out according to sequence of algorithms of work. The block 9 supervises quantity of realizations, the block 10 processes the statistical data and pass out their results to print. During simulating it is possible to receive intermediate results and the final statistical data, which are used in models of an AC estimation of efficiency to control of unmanned air vehicles for operative environmental and ecological monitoring.

Thus work of all information, executive devices and objects of management is in real time simulated, the external indignations close to what arise in flight are created UAV (Fig. 5).

Under seminature simulating with the person (operator) there is essentially new opportunity of the objective control of a condition of the operator. In structure of a complex of modelling AC include the equipment for definition of medical and biological parameters of the operator during its functioning.

Fig. 5. Elf-D UAV and the ground board of the pilot (operator)

It is enables to estimate objectively a degree of intensity in various situations of flight, at work with various equipment. As consequence, recommendations for a necessary level of automation of managerial processes are developed UAV and division of functions between operators. During experiment registration of all parameters is carried out, and automatic data processing on a computer and representation of results for management of experiment, а также осуществляются разработки рекомендаций and also development of recommendations are carried out.

Conclusions

1. The structural and parametrical analysis of anthropometrical characteristics of person (operator) in control systems of a ground aviation complex is made.

2. The opportunities estimation of the person as regulator in a watching control system small length unmanned air vehicles for operative environmental and ecological monitoring is executed.

3. In the long term it is obviously possible to use medical and biological parameters of a condition of the operator for automatic direction UAV and its onboard systems in a zone of optimum functioning from the point of view of loadings on operators.

References

1. Вудсон У., Конолвер Р. Справочник по инженерной психологии для инженеров и художников-конструкторов. – М.: Мир, 1968. – 622 с.

2. Справочник по прикладной эргономике./ Перев. с англ. – М.: Машиностроение, 1980.

3. Справочник по инженерной психологии./ Под ред. Б.Ф. Ломова. – М.: Машиностроение, 1982. – 368 с.: ил.

4. Методы инженерно-психологических исследований в авиации./ Под ред. Ю.П. Доброленского. – М.: Машиностроение, 1975. – 280 с.

5. Психофизиологические исследования деятельности человека-оператора и их техническое обеспечение./ Под ред. В.Г. Волкова. – М.: Наука, 1979. – 90 с.

6. Романюта В.Г., Лидова В.Б., Юматова Л.И. Экспериментальный стенд для исследования операторских действий сенсомоторного типа. – Техническая эстетика, 1979. № 2, с. 18-19.

7. Шадриков В.Д. Системный анализ деятельности. – Ярославль: Изд-во Ярославск. ун-та, 1979. – 92 с.

8. Лебедев В.И. Профессия века. Психологические аспекты труда операторов. – М.: Наука, 1978. – 192 с.

9. Научно-технический прогресс и безопасность труда./ Под ред. А.Н. Гржегоржевского. – М.: Машиностроение, 1979. – 240 с.

10. Экспериментально-психологические исследования в авиации и космонавтике./ Г.Т. Береговой, Н.Д. Завалова, Б.Ф. Ломов, В.А. Пономаренко. – М.: Наука, 1978. – 304 с.