Ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèå íàóêè

Ñòðàòåãè÷åñêèå íàïðàâëåíèÿ                                                                                                                                                                                       ðåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñèñòåìû                                                                                                                                                     îáðàçîâàíèÿ

Äóáè÷ Ñ. ß.,  Ïåòðèøèíà Ò. Â.

Äí³ïðîïåòðîâñüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò ³ìåí³ Îëåñÿ Ãîí÷àðà                                                                                                            Êàôåäðà çàãàëüíî¿ òà ìåäè÷íî¿ ïñèõîëî㳿

Ñïðèéíÿòòÿ ³íêëþçèâíî¿ îñâ³òè ñòóäåíòàìè

         Ïðîáëåìà ñîö³àëüíî¿ àäàïòàö³¿ ³íâàë³ä³â äî ïîâíîö³ííîãî ñïîñîáó æèòòÿ  ó ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ çäîðîâèõ ëþäåé íàáóëà çà îñòàíí³ ðîêè îñîáëèâî¿ çíà÷óùîñò³. Àäæå çà ÷èñåëüí³ñòþ ³íâàë³äè ñêëàäàþòü çíà÷íó ÷àñòèíó íàñåëåííÿ. Çîêðåìà, â Óêðà¿í³ 6% íàñåëåííÿ ³íâàë³äè. Çàâäàííÿ ïîëÿãຠâ òîìó, ùîá ³íâàë³ä³â íå â³äëó÷àòè â³ä àêòèâíîãî æèòòÿ, à íàâïàêè, äàòè ¿ì ìîæëèâ³ñòü âåñòè àêòèâíèé ñïîñ³á æèòòÿ, ðàçîì ç óñ³ìà â÷èòèñü ³ ïðàöþâàòè, ïðèéìàòè ó÷àñòü ó ïîë³ïøåíí³ äîáðîáóòó  âñüîãî íàðîäó.  öüîìó àñïåêò³ ïðèéíÿò³ âàæëèâ³ ì³æíàðîäí³ ³ âíóòð³øíüîäåðæàâí³ äîêóìåíòè é çàêîíè.  9 ãðóäíÿ 1975 ðîêó â ÎÎÍ ïðèéíÿòà «Äåêëàðàö³ÿ ïðî ïðàâà ³íâàë³ä³â» / Ãåíåðàëüíà Àñàìáëåÿ ÎÎÍ. Îô³ö³éí³ çâ³òè. Òðèäöÿòà ñåñ³ÿ. – Äîäàòîê ¹ 34 (À/10034). – Ñ. 114 – 115).  20 ãðóäíÿ 1993 ð. â ÎÎÍ çàòâåðäæåí³ «Ñòàíäàðòí³ ïðàâèëà çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ð³âíèõ ìîæëèâîñòåé äëÿ ³íâàë³ä³â» ðåçîëþö³ºþ 48/96 Ãåíåðàëüíî¿ Àñàìáëå¿. Óêðà¿íà ï³äïèñàëà «Êîíâåíö³þ  ïðî ïðàâà ³íâàë³ä³â, ðàòèô³êîâàíó Çàêîíîì Óêðà¿íè ¹ 1767-VI â³ä 16.12.2009 ð., ÿêà íàáðàëà ÷èííîñò³ 06.03.2010ð.  Ó â³äïîâ³äíîñò³ ç öèìè äîêóìåíòàìè îðãàí³çîâàíà ³ 䳺 ïðîãðàìà «²íêëþçèâíà îñâ³òà äëÿ ä³òåé ç îñîáëèâèìè îñâ³òí³ìè ïîòðåáàìè â Óêðà¿í³» Âñåóêðà¿íñüêîãî ôîíäó «Êðîê çà êðîêîì» (òåðì³í ðåàë³çàö³¿ 2007 – 2013ð.). ²íêëþçèâíà àáî âêëþ÷åíà îñâ³òà öå ïðîöåñ íàâ÷àííÿ ä³òåé ç îñîáëèâèìè ïîòðåáàìè â çàãàëüíîîñâ³òí³õ (ìàñîâèõ) øêîëàõ.  îñíîâó ³íêëþçèâíî¿ îñâ³òè ïîêëàäåíà ³äåîëîã³ÿ, ÿêà âèêëþ÷ຠáóäü-ÿêó äèñêðèì³íàö³þ ä³òåé òà çàáåçïå÷óº ð³âíå ñòàâëåííÿ äî âñ³õ ëþäåé ³ ñòâîðþº ñïðèÿòëèâ³ óìîâè äëÿ ä³òåé, ùî ìàþòü îñîáëèâ³ îñâ³òí³ òà ñîö³àëüíî-ïñèõîëîã³÷í³ ïîòðåáè. ²íêëþçèâíà îñâ³òà – ïåðñïåêòèâíèé ïðîöåñ ðîçâèòêó çàãàëüíî¿ îñâ³òè, ÿêèé ïåðåäáà÷ຠäîñòóïí³ñòü îñâ³òè äëÿ âñ³õ, â ïëàí³ ïðèñòîñóâàííÿ ¿¿ äî ð³çíèõ ïîòðåá âñ³õ ä³òåé, ùî çàáåçïå÷óº äîñòóï äî îñâ³òè äëÿ ä³òåé ç îñîáëèâèìè ïîòðåáàìè, ¿õ ïîâíîö³ííèé ðîçâèòîê ³ îâîëîä³ííÿ çíàííÿìè òà óì³ííÿìè, ÿê³ â ïîäàëüøîìó ìîæóòü çàáåçïå÷èòè îñâîºííÿ íèìè ïðîôåñ³éíî íåîáõ³äíèõ ÿêîñòåé.

        Ñòóäåíòè óí³âåðñèòåòó â íåäàëåêîìó ìàéáóòíüîìó ìàþòü ïðàêòè÷íî âèð³øóâàòè çàäà÷³, ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ³ç âïðîâàäæåííÿì ³íêëþçèâíî¿ îñâ³òè. Ïèòàííÿ ñòàíîâëåííÿ ñòóäåíòà-ïðîôåñ³îíàëà ÿê ïðîâ³äíèêà â æèòòÿ ³äå¿ ³íêëþçèâíî¿ îñâ³òè íå áóëî äîñë³äæåíî. Àêòóàëüí³ñòü òàêîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ çðîñòàþ÷èìè âèìîãàìè äî âóçó ÿê ïðîâ³äíîãî ³íñòèòóòó ïî ââåäåííþ ³íêëþçèâíî¿ îñâ³òè – îäíîãî ç íàéåôåêòèâí³øèõ ìåòîä³â îòðèìàííÿ îñâ³òè ä³òüìè-³íâàë³äàì.  çâ’ÿçêó ç öèì áóëà ïîñòàâëåíà çàäà÷à äîñë³äèòè ñòàí ãîòîâíîñò³ ñòóäåíò³â äî íîâîââåäåííÿ â îñâ³òó ³íêëþçèâíî¿ îñâ³òè ÿê ïðîöåñó íàâ÷àííÿ ä³òåé ç îñîáëèâèìè ïîòðåáàìè. Äëÿ ïðîâåäåííÿ äîñë³äæåííÿ íàìè ñêëàäåíà íàñòóïíà àâòîðñüêà àíêåòà ç ìåòîþ îö³íêè óÿâëåíü ïðî ð³çí³ àñïåêòè çàïðîâàäæåííÿ ³íêëþçèâíîãî íàâ÷àííÿ.

²íñòðóêö³ÿ

Óâàæíî ïðî÷èòàéòå çàïèòàííÿ ³ âñ³ âàð³àíòè íàâåäåíèõ â³äïîâ³äåé. ϳäêðåñë³òü ò³ â³äïîâ³ä³, ùî º ä³éñíèìè.                                                                                                                    1.  ×è çíàºòå Âè, ùî º ä³òè ç îñîáëèâèìè îñâ³òí³ìè ïîòðåáàìè ?                                                                                      Òàê.        ͳ.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. ×è çíàéîì³ Âè ç ïîíÿòòÿì «³íêëþçèâíå íàâ÷àííÿ» ?                                                                                                                                                                         Òàê.        ͳ.                                                                                                                                                           3. ßêå Âàøå â³äíîøåííÿ äî íîâîââåäåííÿ ³íêëþçèâíîãî íàâ÷àííÿ ?                                                                                                                                   Ïîçèòèâíå.          Íåéòðàëüíå.           Íåãàòèâíå.          Ñâ³é âàð³àíò.                                                                                      4. ×è îñòåð³ãàºòåñü Âè ³íêëþçèâíîãî íàâ÷àííÿ ?                                                                                                                                                                                      Òàê.        ͳ.       Íå çíàþ.                                                                                                                                    5.   ÷îìó ïî Âàøîìó ñóòü ³íêëþ糿 ? ……………………………………………….                   6.  ×è ÷àñòî Âè áà÷èëè ³íâàë³ä³â íà âóëèöÿõ, ó äâîð³ â ³íøèõ ì³ñöÿõ ?                                                                            ×àñòî.        ²íîä³.        гäêî.                                                                                                                                                                                                                               7.  ßê³ åìîö³¿ Âè ïåðåæèâàºòå áà÷à÷è ëþäèíó ç îáìåæåíèìè ìîæëèâîñòÿìè ?                                                                            Æàëü.        Ñòðàõ.        Îãèäó.        Äðóæåëþáí³ñòü,  áàæàííÿ äîïîìîãòè.                                                                                  8.  ×è ö³êàâèòü âàñ ñïîñ³á æèòòÿ ëþäåé-³íâàë³ä³â, ÷è ïîð³âíþâàëè ¿õ êîëè-íåáóäü ³ç çäîðîâèìè ëþäüìè ?                                                                                                     Òàê.        ͳ.        Íå çàäóìóþñü íàä öèì.                                                                                               9.  ×è îáãîâîðþâàëàñü äîìà ïðîáëåìà ³íâàë³äíîñò³ ?                                                                                                            Òàê.        ͳ.                                                                                                                                                                            10. ×è íàâ÷àëèñü âè â ñïåö³àëüí³é øêîë³ ?                                                                                                      Òàê.        ͳ.                                                                                                                                                                11. ×è áóëè ä³òè-³íâàë³äè ó Âàøîìó êëàñ³ ?                                                                                                     Òàê.        ͳ.        Íå ïàì’ÿòàþ.                                                                                                                                                                                                     12. ßê Âàø³ áàòüêè â³äíîñèëèñü äî íàÿâíîñò³ ³íâàë³ä³â ó êëàñ³, äî Âàøîãî íàâ÷àííÿ ó ñïåöøêîë³ ? …………………………………………………………..                                                                                               13. ×è çìîãëè á Âè ïðàöþâàòè ó ñïåöøêîë³ äëÿ ä³òåé ç îñîáëèâèìè îñâ³òí³ìè ïîòðåáàìè ?                                                                                                                                                         Òàê.        ͳ.        Íå çíàþ.                                                                                                                               14. ×è ïëàíóºòå Âè â ìàéáóòíüîìó ïðàöþâàòè â ³íòåðíàò³ ç ä³òüìè-³íâàë³äàìè ?                                                Òàê.        ͳ.        Íå çíàþ.                                                                                                                                                                                     15. ×è ïðèéìàëè Âè ó÷àñòü ó âîëîíòåðñüêèõ ðóõàõ ?                                                                                                    Òàê.        ͳ.                                                                                                                                                                                              16. ×è ïðèéìàëè Âè ó÷àñòü ó áëàãî÷èííèõ àêö³ÿõ ?                                                                           Òàê.        ͳ.                                                                                                                                                                 17. ßêå Âàøå â³äíîøåííÿ äî ìîæëèâîãî íàðîäæåííÿ  äèòèíè ç ïàòîëî㳺þ ?                                                                                                       À)  ïðîïîíóþ ïðèïèíåííÿ âàã³òíîñò³;                                                                                                              Á)  ðîñòèòè òàêèõ ä³òåé íåîáõ³äíî â ³çîëÿö³¿ â³ä ñï³ëüíîòè;                                                                                          Â)  âèõîâàííÿ òàêî¿ äèòèíè ïîâèííå ñïèðàòèñü íà ïåðåêîíàí³ â ¿¿ ïîâíîö³ííîñò³ ÿê ãðîìàäÿíèíà êðà¿íè (âêëþ÷åííÿ â ñóñï³ëüí³ îðãàí³çàö³¿, ñåêö³¿ çà çä³áíîñòÿìè, çàõîïëåííÿìè).                                                                                                                               18. ×è ï³äòðèìàëè á Âè ³äåþ ïðî âêëþ÷åííÿ Âàøî¿ çäîðîâî¿ äèòèíè  â ñï³ëüíó ä³ÿëüí³ñòü ç ä³òüìè, ùî ìàþòü îñîáëèâ³ îñâ³òí³ ïîòðåáè ?                                                                                                                          Òàê.        ͳ.        Íå çíàþ.                                                                                                                                     19. ×è ïîâèííà äåðæàâà âèä³ëÿòè êîøòè íà îñíàùåííÿ ñïåö³àë³çîâàíèõ øê³ë äëÿ ä³òåé ç îñîáëèâèìè ïîòðåáàìè  (1), ÷è ¿õ ó÷³ííÿì ïîâèíí³ çàéìàòèñü ñàì³ áàòüêè â äîìàøí³õ óìîâàõ  (2) ?                                                                                                                          Âàð³àíò 1.        Âàð³àíò 2.                                                                                                       20. ×è âïëèíóëî íàâ÷àííÿ ó âóç³ íà Âàø³ ïîãëÿä, â³äíîøåííÿ äî ä³òåé ç îñîáëèâèìè ïîòðåáàìè â îñâ³ò³ ?                                                                                                                                                                                       Òàê.        ͳ.        Íå çíàþ.

        Äÿêóþ çà ó÷àñòü ó äîñë³äæåíí³ !

         åìï³ðè÷íîìó äîñë³äæåíí³ ñòàâëåííÿ äî ³íêëþçèâíî¿ îñâ³òè áðàëè ó÷àñòü 60 ñòóäåíò³â 1-3-ãî êóðñ³â Äí³ïðîïåòðîâñüêîãî íàö³îíàëüíîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó ³ìåí³ Îëåñÿ Ãîí÷àðà ôàêóëüòåò³â ïñèõîëî㳿, ô³çèêî-òåõí³÷íîãî òà ìåõàí³êî-ìàòåìàòè÷íîãî, â³êîì 18 – 25 ðîê³â, æ³íî÷î¿ òà ÷îëîâ³÷î¿ ñòàò³  ó ð³âíîìó ñï³ââ³äíîøåíí³. Àíàë³ç ðåçóëüòàò³â äîñë³äæåííÿ ïîêàçàâ, ùî 90% âèïðîáóâàíèõ çíàþòü ïðî ³ñíóâàííÿ çíà÷íî¿ ê³ëüêîñò³ ä³òåé ç îñîáëèâèìè ïîòðåáàìè. Àëå ç ïîíÿòòÿì «³íêëþçèâíà îñâ³òà» çíàéîìà ëèøå ïîëîâèíà ñòóäåíò³â. Ñåðåä íèõ ïîçèòèâíå ñòàâëåííÿ äî ³íêëþçèâíî¿ îñâ³òè â ñåðåäí³õ øêîëàõ ìàëè 48% îïèòàíèõ, à íåãàòèâíå – 11%, ðåøòà 41% - íåéòðàëüíå. Áëèçüêî 71% ñòóäåíò³â ïðè âèãëÿä³ ³íâàë³ä³â â³ä÷óâàþòü æàë³ñòü, 37% - áàæàííÿ ñïðèÿòè, äîïîìàãàòè, äðóæåëþáí³ñòü, 10% - ñòðàõ. Ëèøå â 36% ñ³ìåé îáãîâîðþâàëàñü ïðîáëåìà ³íâàë³äíîñò³. 36% ñòóäåíò³â-ïñèõîëîã³â òà 18% ñòóäåíò³â ³íøî¿ ïðîôåñ³éíî¿ ñïðÿìîâàíîñò³ ðîçãëÿäàþòü ÿê áàæàíó ñâîþ ðîáîòó â øêîëàõ ç ³íêëþçèâíîþ îñâ³òîþ. 60% ñòóäåíò³â-ïñèõîëîã³â òà 67% ñòóäåíò³â òåõí³÷íî¿ ñïðÿìîâàíîñò³ â³äçíà÷àòü ó ñåáå ïîçèòèâí³ çì³íè ð³âíÿ åìïàò³¿ äî ä³òåé ç îñîáëèâèìè ïîòðåáàìè çà ïåð³îä íàâ÷àííÿ ó âèùîìó íàâ÷àëüíîìó çàêëàä³. Ñóòü ³íêëþ糿 íà äóìêó âèïðîáóâàíèõ ïîëÿãຠâ çàáåçïå÷åíí³ íîðìàëüíîãî ðîçâèòêó, ôîðìóâàíí³ ö³ë³ñíî¿ îñîáèñòîñò³, ñîö³àë³çàö³¿, àäàïòàö³¿ ä³òåé-³íâàë³ä³â, êîìóí³êàö³¿ ì³æ ä³òüìè ç îáìåæåíèìè ìîæëèâîñòÿìè ³ çäîðîâèìè.